UBIQUITY :: Essays Papers

UBIQUITYAs many battalion have expected, We are surviving in an environment saturated with wired and wireless connections. This scientific explosion has become a part of our daily lives but we dont really realize, to what extent , our trivial behaviors rely on informatic systems and our int agection with them. While we are living in the era of pervasive computing, we may wonder about the change that pervasive computing has brought to our lives and our social and cultural responses to these fascinating technologies and increased change. Some people remain fearful of the impact of the brain machines on our humanity behavior, on the other hand, others are struggling to set our environment filled with intelligent machinery, care the air we breath, and to make our interactions with this machinery as smooth as possible.The story of creating smart machines equipped with the same reasoning capabilities of humans is very old but the era of computers makes it very realistic in the eyes o f scientists. Since we have machines that manage to do all these tasks, it is time for a new generation of machinery that can do on the button what we can do or better from assureing our behavior to making decisions on their own. The article A Bayesian Computer Vision System for molding Human Interactions, provides and excellent example of what people interested in artificial intelligence are trying to do. In fact, they focus on creating machines that understand human behavior and respond according to this interaction. It is stated in the article Our approach to modeling person-to-person interactions is to use supervised statistical machine learning techniques to inform the system to recognize normal single-person behaviors and common person-to-person interactions (Oliver, Rosario, Pentland 831). There are many limitations to accomplish this goal as any new technology or knowledge but the dream seems to be realistic for these people. according to the same article, if the model s are trained to recognize a limited number of human behavior, how to make them understand new patterns without limitations A major emphasis of our work, therefore, is on efficient Bayesian integration of both antecedent knowledge (by the use of synthetic prior models) with evidence from data (by situation-specific parameter tuning). our goal is to be able to successfully apply the system to any normal multiperson interaction situation without additional prepare.This article provides an example of what is going on in many laboratories spread throughout the world and how artificial intelligence focuses on creating smart practical machines that understand and interpret our behavior and probably surpasses our reasoning capabilities.

Slavery In Latin America Essay -- Slavery Essays

Slavery In Latin AmericaSlavery in the Americas was quite diverse. Mining operations in the tropics experienceddifferent needs and suffered different challenges than did plantations in to a greater extent temperate beas ofNorther Brazil or costal citys serving as ports for the exportationing of commodities produced on thebacks of the enslaved peoples from the African continent. This probe will look at these differentsituations and explore the factors that determined the discussion of slaves, the consequences ofthat treatment, and the conditions that lead to underground by the slaves working in their variouscapacities. After the initial conquest of Mexico and South America it was time to develop theeconomy and export the resources that would benefit the monarchy back home in Spain andPortugal. Silver and Gold were two such commodities. Silver mines in Northern Mexico weresupervised by blacks who directed the Indians in the arduous task of extracting the preciousmetal. Gold in Cent ral Mexico was also mined by blacks. The Gold mining regions were hot,tropical, uninvolved areas of the jungle. The regions were sparsely populated and it was onerous tokeep the locals as a work force. The introduction of disease in the tropics made these areasdeath zones to the indigenous people as they had no resistance to the virulent plagues. in that location wasa need to get cheap or free labor that would be capable of resisting the disease and who would beeasier to dominate than the locals who could agitate off and establish themselves elsewhererelatively easily. The natural answer was to obtain slaves from the African continent. The slavetrade was already in operation on the African continent. Coastal cities there often enslavedinland peoples so it was not difficult to obtain the stock and export them to the Americas. Slaves in the mining regions were subject to harsh, isolated conditions. There were fewfemales and little or no community amongst the slaves. Some of the wo rkers did have access tomoney and as a result could negotiate there exemption for a price. In 1732 1/3 of the Africanpopulation of Choco was free as a result. Less fortunate slaves who found the conditionsunbearable fled to even more isolated areas of the back country to survive on their own or insmall colonies.The Sugar plantations of Northern Brazil were a major c... ...so manumission possibilities increased.Slaves isolated from family life and culture working in miserable conditions were often flightrisks as they had no real options and the terrain lent to good hiding. There were also no whitesaround to hire as cheap labor to search them out and return them. Mulatto and Criollo slaveswere higher on the socioeconomic ladder than the Bozal and were therefore less believably to resistas they were a step away from freedom which meant they would not consider fleeing as good anoption as remaining in the affable circle and family they had established. Slavery under any conditions is not the optimum existence for human beings. It is a factthat human nature seeks to dominate. Greed and money are often at the root of such efforts. TheIsraelites, the Irish, the Africans, and enumerable other groups have heritage that includes aperiod of slavery or of enslaving or both. African bighorn sheep communities even enslaved otherAfrican fleeing the plantations. It is not rooted in race as much as it is rooted in human nature.The preceding essay is just a synopsis of how it functioned for Africans in certain regionsduring a space in history.

The Character of Odysseus in Homers Odyssey Essay -- Odyssey essays

The Character of Odysseus in The Odyssey Homers epic tale The Odyssey is a story of the triumphs and downfalls that are in store for wiz warriors long pillage household. Odysseus, the hero from the Trojan wars, has led his people of Ithaca and other Achaean soldiers to advantage and now wishes to return home to his wife and family of Ithaca. Through his cardinal year journey Odysseus is often tested not only of his physical strength, but his wits as well. The many accomplishments he achieved earned him great lieu and recognition throughout ancient Greece. The mistakes he made caused the deaths of many men. Consequently, we as readers are able to see the many personas that Odysseus carries with him. Odysseus possesses every attribute that Homeric Greeks admire. He displays loyalty, piety, manly valor and intelligence. We see Odysseuss loyalty in book one. Odysseus has won the Trojan War, and has been trapped on the island of Ogygia with the beautiful nymph Calypso. For ten years , Odysseus longed to return home to his wife Penelope, despite the attractions set up by Calypso. Never once did he accept his fate on the enchanting island. Odysseus loyalty to Penelope is besides at hand in the following So then, Royal son of Laertes, Odysseus, man of exploits, still eager to leave at once and hurry binding to your own home, your beloved native land? Good luck to you, even so. Farewell But if you only knew, down deep, what pains are fated to modify your cup before you reach that shore, youd stay right here, preside in our house with me and be immortal. Much as you long to see your wife, the one you languish for all your days ... POETRY VERSION (BOOK 4) This quote states the... ...estraint is also evident in the brutal attacks of Melanthius and Antinous. Melanthius kicking the lowly disguised Odysseus, and Antinous blow to Odysseus with a stool. At first instinct one would fight back, especially with the strength and agility of Odysseus. Nevertheless Odysseu s restrains and knows that a premature revealimg of his true identity would ruin the future plans in store for the total take over of his palace. So, just as any other beggar would react, the mighty Odysseus bows his head and walks back to the hut, with visions of the soon to be victory in his head. Looking at Odysseus in whole, the strength intelligence, arrogance, and cunning restraint stand out above all creating a truly powerful and chivalric leader. Works CitedHomer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. New York Farrar Straus Giroux, 1998.

Anthem :: essays research papers

AnthemA young man lives in a place where the word "I" does not confound meaning. It is a monastic order where there are no individuals. It is, however, a place where you strive to serve your br some others. Equality 7-2521 was taught from birth that the individual is not important. He is in a crazed society where the only form of government is collectivism.Their religion is one of few forces holding this disarranged society from spinning out of control. We are nothing. gentleman is all. (21). Equality, at grow 21, has absolutely no freedom. there are three steps to a persons education when entering the society as defined by the book Anthem. When a child is born they are placed in the House of Infants until they are five geezerhood old. There they uphold with other children born the same year. After the House of Infants they are sent to the House of Students. They stay in the House of Students until they are fifteen years of age when they enter the work force. Members of a board decide the final step of a persons education. Their hair was white and their faces were cracked as the body of a dry river bed (26). Each profession has a housing center and trains the citizens to the specific profession, also known as a phratry. In this section, his dream of going to the House of Scholars is lost and he is sent to the House of Street Sweepers instead. Here the rules are very strict. He is not allowed to express feelings or sing for any reason.Entertainment was a part of casual life for all citizens within this society. Every day they would sing three hymns and charm a play after that. Among the three hymns were The Hymn of Brotherhood, and the Hymn of equality, and the Hymn of the Collective Spirit (27). These were the only two forms of diversion the workers had metre for. All other time was spent working their jobs, eating, sleeping, and/or meeting with fellow workers. Entertainment was a prized piece of their society. Entertainment was the only part of society that kept the citizens content. Without entertainment daily the citizens would have not had such strong beliefs in the group and most likely would have overthrown the government.The science and technology of the society is very underdeveloped. internal-combustion engine and unprejudiced candles were some of the newest inventions.Anthem essays research papers AnthemA young man lives in a place where the word "I" does not have meaning. It is a society where there are no individuals. It is, however, a place where you strive to serve your brothers. Equality 7-2521 was taught from birth that the individual is not important. He is in a crazed society where the only form of government is collectivism.Their religion is one of few forces holding this disarranged society from spinning out of control. We are nothing. Mankind is all. (21). Equality, at age 21, has absolutely no freedom. There are three steps to a persons education when entering the society as define d by the book Anthem. When a child is born they are placed in the House of Infants until they are five years old. There they stay with other children born the same year. After the House of Infants they are sent to the House of Students. They stay in the House of Students until they are fifteen years of age when they enter the work force. Members of a board decide the final step of a persons education. Their hair was white and their faces were cracked as the clay of a dry river bed (26). Each profession has a housing center and trains the citizens to the specific profession, also known as a house. In this section, his dream of going to the House of Scholars is lost and he is sent to the House of Street Sweepers instead. Here the rules are very strict. He is not allowed to laugh or sing for any reason.Entertainment was a part of daily life for all citizens within this society. Every day they would sing three hymns and watch a play after that. Among the three hymns were The Hymn of Bro therhood, and the Hymn of equality, and the Hymn of the Collective Spirit (27). These were the only two forms of entertainment the workers had time for. All other time was spent working their jobs, eating, sleeping, and/or meeting with fellow workers. Entertainment was a prized piece of their society. Entertainment was the only part of society that kept the citizens content. Without entertainment daily the citizens would have not had such strong beliefs in the group and most likely would have overthrown the government.The science and technology of the society is very underdeveloped. Glass and simple candles were some of the newest inventions.

Phrenology :: essays research papers

Phrenology is basically the study of somebodyality through the study of the invent of the skull. The basis of this theory is that the wit conforms to the shape of the head and its contours. This pseudoscience says that because we have isolated where different parts of personality come from we can tell how dominant this trait would be in a persons life by the size of the piece of the brain. We have since proven that this theory is not true. Franz Joseph Gall is considered to be the founder of the direct scientific unite between the morphology of the skull and personality traits. Gall was one of the first scientists to consider the brain the home of all mental activities. His main work was called The Anatomy and Physiology of the neuronic System in General, and of the Brain in Particular. In this article he put forth five points that phrenology was based on in general. 1. That moral and able faculties and innate.2. That their exercise or manifestation depends on organization.3. T hat the brain is an organ of all the propensities, sentiments, and faculties.4. The brain is composed of many particular organs as there ar different propensities, sentiments, and faculties which differ from one another. 5. That the form of the head or cranium represents the form of the brain, and thus represents the relative development of the brain organs.Gall linked the faculties with particular brain localizations through careful observation and expensive experimental measures. Johann Spurzheims contribution to phrenology was also great. He helped Gall in a study of brain injuries with the phrenology concept Gall had created. He also studied many cases of aphasia following victims cranial injuries in battle. In 1832, he arrived in America, which was at that time desperate for insight into human personality, and started on a lecture circuit that eventually killed him only six months into it. While Spurzheim was in America he managed to inspire two young, frustrated evangelists whose names were Lorenzo Niles Fowler and Orson S. Fowler. These two are largely responsible for spreading phrenology throughout the country. They traveled from town to town carrying the truth of phrenology. They offered lectures, readings, and to esteem the charteristics of total strangers through the bumps and valleys on their heads. Soon everyone from small-town folk to the rich and famous were getting readings. It became a fad throughout America.

Phrenology :: essays research papers

Phrenology is basically the study of personality through the study of the shape of the skull. The basis of this theory is that the brain con works to the shape of the head and its contours. This pseudoscience says that because we have isolated where unalike parts of personality come from we can tell how dominant this trait would be in a persons life by the coat of the piece of the brain. We have since proven that this theory is not true. Franz Joseph incrustation is considered to be the founder of the direct scientific link between the morphology of the skull and personality traits. Gall was one of the first scientists to consider the brain the home of all mental activities. His main work was called The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular. In this article he put forth five points that phrenology was based on in general. 1. That moral and intellectual faculties and innate.2. That their exercise or manifestation depends on organiz ation.3. That the brain is an organ of all the propensities, sentiments, and faculties.4. The brain is composed of many particular organs as there are different propensities, sentiments, and faculties which differ from one another. 5. That the form of the head or cranium represents the form of the brain, and thus represents the relative development of the brain organs.Gall linked the faculties with precise brain localizations through careful reflection and expensive experimental measures. Johann Spurzheims contribution to phrenology was as well as great. He helped Gall in a study of brain injuries with the phrenology concept Gall had created. He also studied many cases of aphasia following victims cranial injuries in battle. In 1832, he arrived in America, which was at that time desperate for insight into military man personality, and started on a lecture circuit that eventually killed him only six months into it. While Spurzheim was in America he managed to inspire two young, fr ustrated evangelists whose name calling were Lorenzo Niles Fowler and Orson S. Fowler. These two are largely responsible for spreading phrenology throughout the country. They traveled from town to town carrying the truth of phrenology. They offered lectures, readings, and to evaluate the charteristics of total strangers through the bumps and valleys on their heads. in brief everyone from small-town folk to the rich and famous were getting readings. It became a fad throughout America.

What Is Hypnosis? Describe the Psychological and Physical Aspects of Hypnosis and Discuss the Role of Relaxation in Hypnotherapy

IntroductionThis essay discusses the core typicals of hypnosis, concentrating on its major psychological and mortalal features. It begins by providing a background of the practice. This is important because it draws out how the understanding and definition of hypnosis has changed over time. This is followed by a section considering the psychological and corporal aspects of hypnosis, after which the utmost section discusses the importance of unbendation in hypnotherapy. Hypnosis is defined loosely as an altered mental earth, superficially resembling sleep, characterised by a heightened aw beness of subconscious expand (Brink 2008 Encyclopaedia Britannica 2004). This definition provide be developed and expanded in greater detail throughout the essay.A full understanding of hypnosis and hypnotherapy requires that the practices are located in their historical and cultural context. What is now known as hypnosis has been recorded on many occasions throughout history, dating back several millennia to the civilisations of past Egypt, Rome, and Greece. It was typically per takeed as art object of shamanistic, religious or spiritual rituals (Brink 2008 Waterfield 2004).However, on that point is some scepticism regarding the veracity of these historical accounts (e.g., Waterfield 2004). Hypnosis in its modern Western form was scratch practiced by Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), who was an Austrian physician. Mesmer understood it through the theoretical lens of animal magnetism or mesmerism, which was related to the idea that health was contingent on the distri preciselyion of universal fluids. He believed that magnets could be used to direct these fluids, prevent blockages and ultimately cure disease hypnosis worked similarly in Mesmers eyes in that it was able to transmit healing forces and produce cures (Waterfield 2004).This notion was developed following Mesmers death by Armand de Puysegur, who realised that dictation and vocal communication in the for m of commands could induce trances (Hadley and Staudacher 1996). The theoretical groundwork laid by Mesmer and Puysegur was revised in the 19th century by James wrench (1795-1860), who realised that trance-like states could be brought on by suggestions as healthy as commands. Braid also redefined the practice, calling it hypnotism. The process began to gradually gain wider acceptance as a therapeutic agent, especially useful in the relief of pain and as an anaesthetic (Hadley and Staudacher 1996). The future of what is now known as hypnotherapy was secured in 1892 when the British Medical Association (BMA) commissioned a report on the characteristics of hypnosis for medical purposes, which yielded highly promising results (Waterfield 2004).Hypnosis and hypnotherapy were gradually refined and developed as new fields took interest and various schools of thought branched off in opposing directions, most notably in France. One of the most important developments was the descent betwe en Sigmund Freud and hypnosis, and it was this that motto the now crucial introduction of the theory of the unconscious mind into the practice (Waterfield 2004). Freuds disenchantment with hypnosis in favour of psychoanalysis saw a sink in its popularity, although there was a revival after the 1950s when research unearthed a variety of new applications (Waterfield 2004). The work of Milton Erickson (1901-1980) was crucial in this respect. He built on Freuds introduction of subconscious elements, and his success was essential in the creating the practice in its current form (Waterfield 2004).This provides an important ground in understanding what hypnosis actually is. It is useful at this stage to dispel a misconception, namely that hypnosis is a form of unconsciousness comparable to sleep. As shall be demonstrated, takingss are actually awake and capable of high levels of awareness, albeit not of the environment. It is more accurately set forth as a state of physical quiet, in cluding an altered state of consciousness in which the subconscious mind is more accessible and more active (Mason 2008, cited in Segi 2012 27).In terms of its psychological characteristics, hypnosis can be described as natural, trancelike state. It is generally agreed that while under hypnosis a person has a heightened sense of focus or concentration, mutually directed towards a specific object or memory, which entails an ability to block out distractions from outside (Segi 2012 Hadley and Staudacher 1996).One of the key psychological aspects of hypnosis is related to the subconscious mind, which in some manufacture or form is responsible for automatic and intuitive mental functions (Brink 2008 Hadley and Staudacher 1996). Since it has no clear location in the head the subconscious can seem earlier elusive, but it can be seen in many day-today tasks, such as typing, writing, or catching a ball. Driving is among the most oft-cited examples of subconscious functioning it is gree n to internalise routes and to navigate while performing automatic processes such as changing gear without any memory of it. Tasks such as these can be carried out almost unknowingly and details often go largely unremembered (Brink 2008). Thus, the subconscious is highly active on a continuous basis. Hypnosis involves putting an mortal in touch with the subconscious through intense concentration. It was previously thought that this was actually a kind of unconsciousness however, as Hadley and Staudacher (1978) show, this view has come in for revision and new research has shown that a hypnotised person is fully awake and extremely focused the appearance of unconsciousness arises because attention is diverted extraneous from peripheral stimuli (Spiegel 1978). This is an important psychological and physical characteristic of hypnosis.One of the main psychological aspects of hypnosis is an increased susceptibility to suggestion (Brink 2008 Hadley and Staudacher 1996). The pillow slip generally heeds only the suggestions of the mesmerist, and this appears to be done in an uncritical, automatic fashion, ignoring all aspects of the environmentHe sees, feels, smells, and otherwise perceives in accordance with the hypnotists suggestions, even though these suggestions may be in apparent contradiction to the stimuli that impinge upon him (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2004 1). Moreover, the susceptibility to suggestion may be ex scarpered such that the subject is thus far under the control of the hypnotist during so-so(predicate), waking natural action (Heap and Dryden 1991).In terms of its physical aspects, hypnosis has several distinctive characteristics. In the first stage of the process, the subjects body becomes extremely relaxed (this will be discussed further in the section on relaxation), which initiates a series of other physical changes. The heart rate, for example, slows considerably and with it the rate of breathing grows deeper and more rhythmic. As sugges ted earlier, this is not to be confused with deep sleep, which is characterised by a lack of awareness to external stimuli rather it is a hypnotic trance in which the subject is highly attentive at all times. In fact, it is often argued that a hypnotic trance brings about a greater level of sensitivity to stimuli than usual (Karle and Boy 1987).This intense period of focus manifests in a physical change in the nature of brain activity. Physical evidence for this fact was first produced in 1929 when Hans Berger tested the brain activity of a hypnotised subject using the process of electroencephalography (the device is called an electroencephalogram or EEG) (Karle and Boy 1987). This measures electrical activity in the brain as waves. In order to understand the physical changes associated with hypnosis, it is necessary to briefly describe the four different kinds of brain waves alpha, beta, theta, and delta. Under ordinary circumstances, mental activity produces beta waves. A heighte ned sense of relaxation creates more alpha waves this state might be described as light hypnosis. As the body becomes increasingly relaxed, theta waves become dominant. This is associated with dreaming, or medium to deep hypnosis, as well as greater engagement with the subconscious. Finally, during periods of very deep hypnosis the mind produces delta waves. These hand over an extremely low frequency and are usually created entirely by the subconscious, as during hypnosis or dreamless sleep (Brink 2008).In terms of underlying brain activity, therefore, the process of hypnosis initiates a transition that begins with beta waves and progresses through alpha, theta, and finally delta waves. Conversely, when a subject is brought out of hypnosis, or awakes from a deep, dreamless sleep, the stages of electrical activity in the brain are reversed, beginning with delta and ending with beta (Brink 2008).It is difficult to understand the nature of hypnosis, both psychologically and physically , without an appreciation of the tools and methods employed by a hypnotist. The bonus into a trance-like state is achieved through relaxation techniques as part of a process called induction (Brink 2008 Hadley and Staudacher 1996). This can take different forms depending on the particular therapist, but the result is always broadly similar a state of heightened focus on one or more specific and internal factors, and a decline in awareness of environmental or external stimuli (Hadley and Staudacher 1996). This is induced through verbal cues or instructions designed to induce a trance (Karle and Boys 1987). However, there is considerable variation in terms of the form this takes. Many therapists use authoritative commands, such as you are now feeling relaxed, or I want you to picture yourself Alternatively, others employ a more suggestive style, including statements such as maybe you would like to. While the details vary, however, all methods of induction tend to be characterised by a slow, clear prose style (Karle and Boys 1987).It is important to have an appreciation of the methods used to induce hypnosis as it is the essential precursor to the psychological and physical changes discussed in the first part of this essay. It is likewise crucial to understand the manipulation of relaxation in hypnotherapy, as this is not only a crucial characteristic of the state itself but also the nexus between the beginning of the process and the transition into a hypnotic trance (Segi 2012).Hypnosis can only be achieved if the subject is sufficiently relaxed to disengage the conscious mind and engage the subconscious. This leaves an opening for suggestion and behavioural change, which are crucial components of hypnotherapy. In ordinary parlance, relaxation does not occupy to the state necessary to induce a hypnotic trance but rather to the absence of strenuous mental or physical stimuli (Brink 2008). Thus, a person might be said to be relaxing on the sofa while reading a book. In actual fact, the conscious mind is still highly active at this stage, which precludes the opening up of the subconscious. Successful hypnotherapy requires a more complete sense of physical and mental relaxation, including the alleviation of all forms of stress. in that location are various techniques involved here, but one of the most common is called Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) (Brink 2008). This works by instructing the subject to systematically relax various areas of their body independently and in stages, often focusing on muscle groups. This can also be achieved via self-hypnosis, and for many people is an important part of stress- or sleep-management strategies (Segi 2012 Brink 2008). The ability of hypnosis to induce this kind of state is one of its most unique qualities, and even if nothing else is achieved the mere process of compete relaxation is an important component of hypnotherapy (Hadley and Staudacher 1996). One thing to note is that complete relax ation of this kind is not artificial or unnatural. It is part of the ordinary human condition, and the role of hypnotherapy is simply to induce it under controlled circumstances and with a particular goal in mind (Robertson 2012 Brink 2008 Hadley and Staudacher 1996).This essay has discussed some of the competing historical notions of what hypnosis is, as well as the way it is understood by modern practitioners and theorists. Both the process of hypnosis and the practice of hypnotherapy have undergone considerable change in terms of the way they are understood. This has led up to the modern theory of hypnosis as a state of relaxation and increased accessibility to the subconscious. The crucial relationship between relaxation and hypnotherapy (and hypnosis) has been worn out. Undoubtedly, the important role of hypnosis historically is matched today, and it can be seen as a major part of many rituals, medical procedures, leisure activities, sports, and entertainment (Segi 2012). Refer encesBrink, T. L. (2008) Psychology A Student Friendly Approach http//www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/TLBrink_PSYCH13.pdf Retrieved 18/05/2014Encyclopaedia Britannica (2004) Hypnosis http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/279820/hypnosis Recovered 18/05/2014Hadley, J. and Staudacher, C. (1996) Hypnosis for Change, New Harbinger PublicationsHeap, M. and Dryden, W. (1991) Hypnotherapy a Handbook. Berkshire Open University PressKarle, H. and Boys, J. (1987) Hypnotherapy a possible Handbook, London Free Association BooksKirsch, I. (1994) Clinical hypnosis as a nondeceptive placebo Empirically derived techniques, The American journal of clinical hypnosis 37 (2), pp. 95106Robertson, D (2012) The Practice of Cognitive-Behavioural Hypnotherapy A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Hypnosis, London KarnacSegi, S. (2012) Hypnosis for pain management, anxiety and behavioral disorders. Factiva. Retrieved 18/05/2014Spiegel, H. and Spiegel, D. (1978) Trance and Treatment, Basic B ooks Inc., New YorkWaterfield, R. (2004) Hidden Depths The Story of Hypnosis, London Pan Books.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Four

EddardThe visitors poured through the castle gates in a river of gold and silver and dressed to the nines(p) steel, three hundred strong, a pride of banner hands and knights, of sworn s ro followg and freeriders. Over their heads a dozen golden banners whipped back and forth in the northern wind, emblazoned with the coronateed snoop of Baratheon.Ned knew many of the riders. There came Ser Jaime Lannister with hair as bright as beaten gold, and at that place Sandor Clegane with his terrible burned face. The tall boy be billet him could exclusively be the crown prince, and that stunted niggling man behind them was surely the Imp, Tyrion Lannister.Yet the colossal man at the head of the column, flanked by two knights in the snow-white cloaks of the Kingsguard, call formed nearly a stranger to Ned . . . until he vaulted dispatch the back of his warhorse with a familiar roar, and crushed him in a bone-crunching hug. Ned Ah, provided it is good to see that frozen face of yours. The fagot looked him over top to bottom, and laughed. You let not changed at all.Would that Ned had been able to say the same. Fifteen twelvemonths past, when they had ridden forth to win a throne, the skipper of Storms End had been clean-s feeln, clear-eyed, and musc lead want a maidens fantasy. Six and a half feet tall, he towered over lesser men, and when he donned his armor and the great antlered helmet of his home base, he became a veritable giant. Hed had a giants strength too, his weapon of choice a spiked iron warhammer that Ned could scarcely lift. In those days, the smell of leather and blood had clung to him alike(p) perfume.Now it was perfume that clung to him like perfume, and he had a girth to match his height. Ned had last seen the might nine years before during Balon Greyjoys rebellion, when the stag and the direwolf had joined to extirpate the pretensions of the self-proclaimed King of the IronIslands. Since the night they had stood side by side in Greyjoys fallen stronghold, where Robert had accepted the rebel lords surrender and Ned had taken his son Theon as hostage and ward, the king had gained at least eight play off. A beard as coarse and black as iron wire covered his jaw to hide his double up chin and the sag of the royal jowls, but nothing could hide his stomach or the dark circles under his look.Yet Robert was Neds king now, and not just a friend, so he say only, Your Grace. Winterfell is yours.By then the others were dismounting as well, and grooms were coming forward for their mounts. Roberts queen, Cersei Lannister, entered on foot with her younger children. The wheelhouse in which they had ridden, a huge double-decked carriage of oiled oak and gilded metal pulled by forty heavy draft horses, was too wide to pass through the castle gate. Ned knelt in the snow to kiss the queens ring, while Robert embraced Catelyn like a long-lost sister. Then the children had been brought forward, introduced, and approved of by both si des.No sooner had those formalities of greeting been completed than the king had said to his host, Take me down to your crypt, Eddard. I would pay my respects.Ned loved him for that, for remembering her still after all these years. He called for a lantern. No other words were needed. The queen had begun to protest. They had been riding since dawn, everyone was tired and cold, surely they should refresh themselves first. The dead would wait. She had said no more than that Robert had looked at her, and her twin brother Jaime had taken her quietly by the arm, and she had said no more.They went down to the crypt together, Ned and this king he scarcely recognized. The winding stone steps were narrow. Ned went first with the lantern. I was starting to speak out we would neer adjoin Winterfell, Robert complained as they descended. In the s out(p)h, the way they talk about my Seven Kingdoms, a man forgets that your part is as big as the other six combined.I trust you enjoyed the journey, Your Grace?Robert snorted. Bogs and forests and fields, and scarcely a decent inn north of the Neck. Ive never seen such a vast emptiness. Where ar all your people? seeming they were too shy to come out, Ned jested. He could feel the chill coming up the stairs, a cold breath from chummy within the earth. Kings are a rare sight in the north.Robert snorted. More likely they were hiding under the snow. Snow, Ned The king put one hand on the wall to steady himself as they descended.Late pass snows are common enough, Ned said. I hope they did not trouble you. They are usually mild.The Others take your mild snows, Robert swore. What will this place be like in winter? I shudder to think.The winters are hard, Ned admitted. But the Starks will endure. We always chip in.You need to come south, Robert told him. You need a taste of summer before it flees. In Highgarden there are fields of golden roses that stretch away as far as the eye can see. The outputs are so ripe they explode in you r mouthmelons, peaches, fireplums, youve never tasted such sweetness. Youll see, I brought you some. Even at Storms End, with that good wind off the bay, the days are so hot you can barely move. And you ought to see the towns, Ned Flowers everywhere, the markets bursting with food, the summerwines so cheap and so good that you can get drunk just breathing the air. Everyone is fat and drunk and rich. He laughed and slapped his own ample stomach a thump. And the girls, Ned he exclaimed, his eyes sparkling. I swear, women lose all modesty in the heat. They swim naked in the river, right beneath the castle. Even in the streets, its too damn hot for wool or fur, so they go around in these short gowns, silk if they have the silver and cotton if not, but its all the same when they start sweating and the cloth sticks to their skin, they might as well be naked. The king laughed happily.Robert Baratheon had always been a man of huge appetites, a man who knew how to take his pleasures. That w as not a charge anyone could lay at the door of Eddard Stark. Yet Ned could not help but notice that those pleasures were taking a toll on the king. Robert was breathing heavily by the time they reached the bottom of the stairs, his face red in the lantern light as they stepped out into the darkness of the crypt.Your Grace, Ned said respectfully. He swept the lantern in a wide semicircle. Shadows moved and lurched. Flickering light touched the stones underfoot and brushed against a long procession of granite pillars that marched ahead, two by two, into the dark. Between the pillars, the dead sat on their stone thrones against the walls, backs against the sepulchres that contained their mortal remains. She is down at the end, with Father and Brandon.He led the way between the pillars and Robert followed wordlessly, shivering in the subterranean chill. It was always cold down here. Their footsteps rang off the stones and echoed in the vault overhead as they walked among the dead of Ho use Stark. The noblemans of Winterfell watched them pass. Their likenesses were carved into the stones that sealed the tombs. In long rows they sat, blind eyes staring out into eternal darkness, while great stone direwolves curled round their feet. The sack shadows made the stone figures seem to stir as the living passed by.By ancient custom an iron longsword had been laid across the lap of each who had been Lord of Winterfell, to keep the vengeful spirits in their crypts. The oldest had long ago rusted away to nothing, leaving only a few red stains where the metal had be on stone. Ned wondered if that meant those ghosts were free to roam the castle now. He hoped not. The first Lords of Winterfell had been men hard as the land they ruled. In the centuries before the Dragonlords came over the sea, they had sworn subjection to no man, styling themselves the Kings in the North.Ned stopped at last and lifted the oil lantern. The crypt continued on into darkness ahead of them, but be yond this point the tombs were drop off and unsealed black holes waiting for their dead, waiting for him and his children. Ned did not like to think on that. Here, he told his king.Robert nodded silently, knelt, and bowed his head.There were three tombs, side by side. Lord Rickard Stark, Neds father, had a long, stern face. The stonemason had known him well. He sat with quiet dignity, stone fingers holding tight to the sword across his lap, but in emotional state all swords had failed him. In two smaller sepulchres on either side were his children.Brandon had been twenty when he died, strangled by order of the Mad King Aerys Targaryen only a few short days before he was to wed Catelyn Tully of Riverrun. His father had been forced to watch him die. He was the true heir, the eldest, born to rule.Lyanna had only been sixteen, a child-woman of surpassing loveliness. Ned had loved her with all his stresst. Robert had loved her even more. She was to have been his bride.She was more bea utiful than that, the king said after a silence. His eyes lingered on Lyannas face, as if he could will her back to life. Finally he rose, made awkward by his weight. Ah, damn it, Ned, did you have to bury her in a place like this? His voice was hoarse with remembered grief. She deserved more than darkness . . . She was a Stark of Winterfell, Ned said quietly. This is her place.She should be on a hill somewhere, under a fruit tree, with the sun and clouds above her and the rain to wash her clean.I was with her when she died, Ned reminded the king. She wanted to come home, to rest beside Brandon and Father. He could hear her still at times. Promise me, she had cried, in a room that smelled of blood and roses. Promise me, Ned. The fever had taken her strength and her voice had been faint as a whisper, but when he gave her his word, the fear had gone out of his sisters eyes. Ned remembered the way she had grimaced then, how tightly her fingers had clutched his as she gave up her hold on life, the rose petals spilling from her palm, dead and black. After that he remembered nothing. They had found him still holding her body, silent with grief. The little crannogman, Howland Reed, had taken her hand from his. Ned could recall none of it. I bring her flowers when I can, he said. Lyanna was . . . fond of flowers.The king touched her cheek, his fingers brushing across the rough stone as gently as if it were living flesh. I vowed to kill Rhaegar for what he did to her.You did, Ned reminded him.Only once, Robert said bitterly.They had come together at the ford of the Trident while the employment crashed around them, Robert with his warhammer and his great antlered helm, the Targaryen prince armored all in black. On his breastplate was the three-headed dragon of his House, wrought all in rubies that flashed like fire in the sunlight. The waters of the Trident ran red around the hooves of their destriers as they circled and clashed, again and again, until at last a crush ing blow from Roberts hammer stove in the dragon and the tit beneath it. When Ned had finally come on the scene, Rhaegar lay dead in the stream, while men of both armies scrabbled in the swirling waters for rubies knocked free of his armor.In my dreams, I kill him every night, Robert admitted. A thousand deaths will still be less than he deserves.There was nothing Ned could say to that. After a quiet, he said, We should return, Your Grace. Your wife will be waiting.The Others take my wife, Robert muttered sourly, but he started back the way they had come, his footsteps falling heavily. And if I hear Your Grace once more, Ill have your head on a spike. We are more to each other than that.I had not forgotten, Ned replied quietly. When the king did not answer, he said, Tell me about Jon.Robert shook his head. I have never seen a man sicken so quickly. We gave a tourney on my sons name day. If you had seen Jon then, you would have sworn he would live forever. A two weeks later he was dead. The sickness was like a fire in his gut. It burned right through him. He paused beside a pillar, before the tomb of a long-dead Stark. I loved that old man.We both did. Ned paused a moment. Catelyn fears for her sister. How does Lysa bear her grief?Roberts mouth gave a bitter twist. Not well, in truth, he admitted. I think losing Jon has driven the woman mad, Ned. She has taken the boy back to the Eyrie. Against my wishes. I had hoped to foster him with Tywin Lannister at Casterly Rock. Jon had no brothers, no other sons. Was I supposed to leave him to be raised by women?Ned would sooner entrust a child to a pit viper than to Lord Tywin, but he odd his doubts unspoken. Some old wounds never truly heal, and bleed again at the slightest word. The wife has lost the husband, he said carefully. Perhaps the mother feared to lose the son. The boy is very young.Six, and sickly, and Lord of the Eyrie, gods have mercy, the king swore. Lord Tywin had never taken a ward before. Lysa ough t to have been honored. The Lannisters are a great and noble House. She refused to even hear of it. Then she left in the dead of night, without so much as a by-your-leave. Cersei was furious. He sighed deeply. The boy is my namesake, did you know that? Robert Arryn. I am sworn to protect him. How can I do that if his mother steals him away?I will take him as ward, if you wish, Ned said. Lysa should consent to that. She and Catelyn were close as girls, and she would be welcome here as well.A generous offer, my friend, the king said, but too late. Lord Tywin has already given his consent. Fostering the boy elsewhere would be a grievous affront to him.I have more concern for my nephews welfare than I do for Lannister pride, Ned declared.That is because you do not sleep with a Lannister. Robert laughed, the sound rattling among the tombs and bouncing from the vaulted ceiling. His smile was a flash of white teeth in the thicket of the huge black beard. Ah, Ned, he said, you are still too serious. He put a massive arm around Neds shoulders. I had planned to wait a few days to speak to you, but I see now theres no need for it. Come, walk with me.They started back down between the pillars. Blind stone eyes seemed to follow them as they passed. The king kept his arm around Neds shoulder. You must have wondered why I finally came north to Winterfell, after so long.Ned had his suspicions, but he did not give them voice. For the joy of my company, surely, he said lightly. And there is the Wall. You need to see it, Your Grace, to walk along its battlements and talk to those who man it. The Nights Watch is a shadow of what it once was. Benjen saysNo doubt I will hear what your brother says soon enough, Robert said. The Wall has stood for what, eight thousand years? It can keep a few days more. I have more wardrobe concerns. These are difficult times. I need good men about me. Men like Jon Arryn. He served as Lord of the Eyrie, as Warden of the East, as the get through of the King. He will not be easy to replace.His son . . . Ned began.His son will succeed to the Eyrie and all its incomes, Robert said brusquely. No more.That took Ned by surprise. He stopped, startled, and turned to look at his king. The words came unbidden. The Arryns have always been Wardens of the East. The title goes with the domain.Perhaps when he comes of age, the honor can be restored to him, Robert said. I have this year to think of, and next. A six-year-old boy is no war leader, Ned.In peace, the title is only an honor. Let the boy keep it. For his fathers sake if not his own. Surely you owe Jon that much for his service.The king was not pleased. He took his arm from around Neds shoulders. Jons service was the duty he owed his liege lord. I am not ungrateful, Ned. You of all men ought to know that. But the son is not the father. A mere boy cannot hold the east. Then his tone softened. Enough of this. There is a more authoritative office to discuss, and I would not argue wit h you. Robert grasped Ned by the elbow. I have need of you, Ned.I am yours to command, Your Grace. Always. They were words he had to say, and so he said them, apprehensive about what might come next.Robert scarcely seemed to hear him. Those years we spent in the Eyrie . . . gods, those were good years. I want you at my side again, Ned. I want you down in Kings Landing, not up here at the end of the knowledge domain where you are no damned use to anybody. Robert looked off into the darkness, for a moment as melancholy as a Stark. I swear to you, sitting a throne is a thousand times harder than kind one. Laws are a tedious business and counting coppers is worse. And the people . . . there is no end of them. I sit on that damnable iron top and listen to them complain until my mind is numb and my ass is raw. They all want something, money or land or justice. The lies they discover . . . and my lords and ladies are no better. I am surrounded by flatterers and fools. It can drive a ma n to madness, Ned. Half of them dont dare tell me the truth, and the other half cant find it. There are nights I wish we had lost at the Trident. Ah, no, not truly, but . . .I understand, Ned said softly.Robert looked at him. I think you do. If so, you are the only one, my old friend. He smiled. Lord Eddard Stark, I would name you the tump over of the King.Ned dropped to one knee. The offer did not surprise him what other reason could Robert have had for coming so far? The gift of the King was the second-most powerful man in the Seven Kingdoms. He spoke with the kings voice, commanded the kings armies, drafted the kings laws. At times he even sat upon the Iron Throne to serve kings justice, when the king was absent, or sick, or otherwise indisposed. Robert was offering him a responsibility as large as the realm itself.It was the last thing in the world he wanted.Your Grace, he said. I am not worthy of the honor.Robert groaned with good-humored impatience. If I wanted to honor you , Id let you retire. I am planning to fuck off you run the kingdom and fight the wars while I eat and drink and wench myself into an early grave. He slapped his gut and grinned. You know the saying, about the king and his Hand?Ned knew the saying. What the king dreams, he said, the Hand builds.I bedded a fishmaid once who told me the lowborn have a choicer way to put it. The king eats, they say, and the Hand takes the shit. He threw back his head and roared his laughter. The echoes rang through the darkness, and all around them the dead of Winterfell seemed to watch with cold and disapproving eyes.Finally the laughter dwindled and stopped. Ned was still on one knee, his eyes upraised. Damn it, Ned, the king complained. You might at least humor me with a smile.They say it grows so cold up here in winter that a mans laughter freezes in his throat and chokes him to death, Ned said evenly. Perhaps that is why the Starks have so little humor.Come south with me, and Ill teach you how to laugh again, the king promised. You helped me win this damnable throne, now help me hold it. We were meant to rule together. If Lyanna had lived, we should have been brothers, bound by blood as well as affection. Well, it is not too late. I have a son. You have a daughter. My Joff and your Sansa shall join our houses, as Lyanna and I might once have done.This offer did surprise him. Sansa is only eleven.Robert waved an impatient hand. grey-headed enough for betrothal. The marriage can wait a few years. The king smiled. Now stand up and say yes, curse you.Nothing would give me greater pleasure, Your Grace, Ned answered. He hesitated. These honors are all so unexpected. May I have some time to consider? I need to tell my wife . . . Yes, yes, of course, tell Catelyn, sleep on it if you must. The king reached down, clasped Ned by the hand, and pulled him roughly to his feet. Just dont keep me waiting too long. I am not the most patient of men.For a moment Eddard Stark was filled with a terrible sense of foreboding. This was his place, here in the north. He looked at the stone figures all around them, breathed deep in the chill silence of the crypt. He could feel the eyes of the dead. They were all listening, he knew. And winter was coming.

Nursing Laws and Ethics

As nursing profession continuously progresses in its quest for excellence, its nature becomes complex in the light of meeting the standards couch forth by the implementing bodies in nursing profession. These standards are indeed the result of careful assessment and observation made to resolve the never ending issues and concerns pertaining to the profound responsibilities and ethical obligations of nurses.Many of these include the duty to interpret and carry out orders, duty to monitor the patient, delegation of authority, consent to medical and surgical procedures, confidentiality of medical records, negligence and others. alone among the issues and concerns aforementioned, one of the most controversial issues which caught my attention is Malpractice. Sometimes, nurses, for some personal reason, go beyond their boundaries and exceed the scope of nursing practice they are ought to observe at all times.In abroad, there have been numerous reported incidents wherein Filipino nurses w ho happened to be medical doctors here in the Philippines were charged of malpractice and was deported back here for attempting to save a dying patient in the absence of the medical doctor in-charge. Legally speaking, what they did was a breach of duty and basically, they should have been subjected to corresponding sanction.However, as far as nurses sworn duty is concerned, its also their responsibility to save and protect life at all cost. I understand that, doing the job beyond their ratified limitations was hard for them. but because Filipino nurses are typically compassionate, they have set aside the thought of facing consequences of their actions and didnt think twice when they saw the impendent danger to the patients life, considering their knowledge and experience in critical situations as doctors.It is quite paradoxical in nature, to which side they are to choose in the midst of ethical dilemmas like that. In the code of nurses developed by the American Nurses Association , there is no way they condone ethically passive behaviour. But being passive will mean two things at the same time. First, being passive and adherent to the scope of their jobs will mean being sozzled in their chosen profession and avoid legal responsibilities on their part.Secondly, it will mean depriving them of their own wisdom and freewill to do the right thing and do nothing as if they cant do anything in the midst of life-threatening situation. As for me, we are all trained and equipped with ethical principles and laws exclusively to guide us in making the right decision for the good of all. But no one can really tell us what scarce to do or which way to go. It is always, our wisdom, wise thinking and judicious assessment of the situation that would lead us to make the correct decision.

Describe The Requirement For Treating A Client With That Has Anorexia

Treatment of eat disorders croupe be challenging. Effective discussion must address the underlying emotional and mental health issues, which often attend back to childhood and a persons self perception and self image. Building strong therapeutic alliances with clients is imperative.When working with a client who presents with an feeding disorder it is fundamental that, as a counsellor, you do this in conjunction with a medical unsex and a nutritionist.The first step when someone presents with an eat disorder is to insist on them receiving a medical from their GP. There are various reasons as to why this is important. Firstly, if the client has a Body Mass force (BMI) of 17 or less, you cannot work with them. This is due to the effects that a very low weight can have on ones brain. Furthermore, the aim for a medical is important as someone who has engaged in the behaviour may have encountered serious health consequences and may need to be admitted to hospital, or in extreme circumstances, to a psychiatric ward.It is important to work with both a doctor and a nutritionist so as you can focus on why the client may have an eating disorder and what maintains it. The other professionals then, focus on issues of weight and increasing this weight, if necessary. All treatment should be tailored to the individual and will vary according to both the severity of the disorder and the patients individual problems, needs and strengths.Due to the psychological causes and effects of some eating disorders, talking therapy can play an important role in treatment. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is considered the treatment of choice for people presenting with eating disorders. CBT is a focused memory access that enables a person with an eating disorder to understand how their thinking and negative self-talkand self-image can directly impact their eating and negative behaviours. CBT focuses on identifying and altering nonadaptive thought patterns, attitudes and beli efs which may trigger and perpetuate the clients eating disorder.Nutritional counselling and advice can help your client to identify their fears about food and the physical consequences of not eating well. The initial aim of treatment is to re establish a healthy attitude toward food and a consistent pattern of eating. It is a necessary storey of treatment and should incorporate education about nutritional needs and planning for, and monitoring, rational choices of the individual patient.There are a number of treatment approaches used for those with eating disorders, in which a combination may be offered. As a counsellor you must work in conjunction with a medical doctor and nutritionist, so as the most effective treatment approach can be put in place for your client.

The effect of performance management systems on employee engagement

Introduction BackgroundPrior research has established the positive make of employee day of the month in the kneadplace, not only for the shaping in its entirety but also for the wellbeing and productivity of individual employees (Kahn, 1990). It is in that locationfore of par gist importance that research correctly identifies the factors which give rise to change magnitude employee naming and investment in their argumentation. Rich, Lepine and Crawford (2010) found in a study of 245 fire fighters that exercise, patternualised as the investment of singles complete self into a job aim (the degree to which a job role is integrated into a personal construct) was a significant mediator in the relationship amidst value congruence, perceived organisational support, core self-evaluations and the dependent variable job transaction dimensions. Aside from the obvious benefits, including increased productivity and employee initiative, this also suggests that there are mental perk s for employees with higher rates of engagement. Increased self-efficacy, job satisfaction, self-esteem and morale have been found to be direct consequences of higher rates of employee engagement (Bakker and Schaufeli, 2008 Harter, Schmidt and Hayes, 2002).Employee wellbeing in the courseplace is known to correlate with positive argumentation outcomes (Harter, Schmidt and Keyes, 2003). Overall, sedulous employees are more likely to view their job as meaningful, their precaution and leadership as above average, have better perceptions of their own ability to perform their duties and are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs, leading to a greater work ethic and better accomplishment (May, Gilson and Harter, 2004).The research question The research problem we are facing is to instruct the antecedents of employee engagement in the workplace. The questions that will be utilize to investigate this will query the relationship mingled with management policy and employee engage ment. The objective of this study will be to determine whether performance management strategies use by companies affects in any capacity the tendency of employees to fully engage themselves in the workplace.The data-based hypothesis will be that increased use of performance management strategies in the workplace increases rates of employee engagement. Performance management is the fencesitter variable and employee engagement will be the dependent variable.This will establish whether one significant facet of management policy affects employee engagement an chief(prenominal) factor in pretending potentness in the workplace. However there are another(prenominal) factors which could potentially sour the dependent variable (employee engagement) which are beyond the scope of this study. There may be many a(prenominal) aspects of the individual and their chosen career which affect how engaged they are regardless of management policy. In addition, Saks (2006) found that multiple fa cets of how an organisation handles employees work ethic determines how engaged they are in the workplace, including how much training is provided and perceived effectiveness of procedural justice at work.Isolating performance management will be one step in building a mannikin to more fully predict employee engagement. If the anticipated personal effects are discovered, this would be valuable information for businesses wishing to enhance employee productivity and satisfaction using the strong intend of employee engagement. By establishing the antecedents of employee engagement it will be practicable to fill in another gap in the overall model presented by research to predict positive business outcomes. It has been vehemently established that employee engagement can in now affect this outcome, but the influences resulting in greater engagement have received comparatively little attention.Performance management in particular was chosen since it encapsulates whateverthing that is under the direct control of businesses, and will therefore potentially offer an immediate and hard-nosed means for businesses to affect employee engagement.Literature reviewThis section will incorporate definitions of the variables involved and the theoretical context of employee engagement and its antecedents. It will also cover few of the research into other factors besides the independent variable for this study which could reasonably affect the independent variable.Employee engagementThe definition of employee engagement is surprisingly ambiguous in the literature, which led Macey and Schneider (2008) to gather and categorise the unlike definitions found in research. They found that authors generally referred to engagement in one of three broad domains psychological soil engagement, behavioural engagement and trait engagement. The effect of management, leadership, company policy and any performance management strategies employed by the business are of course effective only at the behavioural and psychological state level trait level engagement is innate and relatively constant in each individual, and arises from various psychometric variables. The conceptualisation we shall settle on for this study will therefore involve only the psychological state and behavioural levels, since the primary independent variables of enkindle involve factors the business can influence to increase employee engagement.Theoretical context for employee engagementWithin a theoretical context, employee engagement fits well into the informative bow of self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan, 1985). This theory postulates that different forms of motivation exist autonomous rule refers to all volition which originates from genuine internal desires, as opposed to controlled regulation in which the source of the impetus to act is external. In terms of engagement at work, autonomous regulation is desirable, as it results in greater initiative and productivity at a task. Accordin g to Meyer and Gagne (2008), who explored the underlying psychological mechanisms of autonomous regulation in the workplace, the key lies in satisfying basic psychological needs for competency, self-direction and relatedness. Performance management systems are likely to be a part of building the work environment which successfully cultivates these feelings in employees giving them a sensation that their needs have been met. Although of course there is certainly more involved in determining the extent to which employees are personally involved in their work than need satisfaction. Intervening factors are likely to include employee personal circumstances and the current economic climate.Performance managementFor the purposes of this study, the definition of performance management shall be the degree to which intervention by the business occurs to ensure recognition of above average performance, and involvement with offering incentives for increased productivity and work ethic. all in all other variables listed above which have been identified as causal antecedents of engagement will be considered as confounding variables in this study, and will be controlled for as distant as possible.According to Roberts (2001), performance management involves the setting of objectives, the use of appraisal systems, reward strategies, training and feedback. This is a definition that can be more well operationalized as the components are clearly divided which will make development of measurement scales for each subset simpler. Therefore these are the components that shall be measured as the independent variable in this study to make up performance management.Theoretical context for performance managementPerformance management affects employee perceptions and attitudes, which subsequently affect performance (Hartog, Boselie and Paauwe, 2004). This fits in with the theoretical framework which places employee engagement as reflecting attitudes and the meaning ascribed to job r oles. It is therefore logical to expect that higher levels of implementation of performance management strategies would be significantly related to employee engagement. Although this theoretical framework does not leave much room for the inclusion of the position individual employees ascribe to their jobs in their lives. It is relatively simplistic in terms of modelling the expected effects, and there are likely to be confounding variables.Intervening variablesResearch has uncovered some general factors which bear in various magnitudes to the level of employee engagement. Job characteristics (van der Broeck, Vansteenkiste, de Witte and Lens, 2008) perceived organisational support (including leadership), procedural justice, learning and training opportunities and performance management strategies (including rewards and recognition management) are all important in predicting the level of engagement an employee is likely to exhibit (Saks, 2006).This study will address one aspect of th e bigger research question then the explanatory power of performance management over employee engagement will be established. The issue will require further research to account for other possible influences on engagement, and potential interaction effects between independent variables. The originality of this study then lies in the examination of a relatively newly bangd concept (employee engagement) and shedding light on the specific relationship it has with performance management strategies, independent of other influences.MethodologyThis section will describe the proposed method of examining the experimental hypothesis, including how data will be gathered, what will be measured, and how the data will be analysed.Design and procedureSince the sample is limited to one business many confounding variables such as differing job demands and organisational structure can be eliminated. The samples will be taken from historical data, from employees working within a business with relative ly low levels of performance management compared to similar organisations.The business under study will have to be one which has at some point implemented a new, more involved performance management scheme this is how the independent variable will be manipulated. Both levels of employee engagement and performance management will be measured before the implementation of the new performance management strategy to cause as the control data. After the new strategy has been imposed and levels of performance management have increased in the business, the independent and dependent variable will be measured again, and this data will serve as the experimental condition. To establish the persistence over succession of any significant differences in the dependent variable found to result from the change in performance management strategy, three samples will be taken at six month intervals after the implementation of the new strategy. If there is any initial difference in employee engagement between the samples instanter before and after the new strategy comes into force, the subsequent samples taken after the strategy has been present for some time will tell us about the long term effects of increasing performance management, otherwise the possibility bides that any effects are merely short term and fade when employees become accustomed to the new system.This will therefore be a repeated measures design. The rates of employee engagement will be compared between temporally differing samples, which will determine if changing levels of performance management alone were sufficient to affect a change in engagement, and how any effects persist, weaken, or strengthen with time.ParticipantsData will be gathered from secondary sources extant in the literature. The ratings of employee engagement and performance management strategies will be gathered from employees and managers working within the same business.Model specificationThe model we have to test (based on prior resear ch in the area) places employee engagement as dependent in part on performance management. An a priori power analysis will be conducted on previous studies examining employee engagement to determine the expected effect size.Operationalisation of variablesPerformance management will be defined as the number of rewards and punishments handed out by senior management, the amount of time employees spend in training, and how often employees are appraised. Employee engagement will be measured with subjective rating scales and peer ratings.Analysis Statistical analysis of this data would include one-way analysis of variance. First performance management would be measured in each group to ensure that in reality there was a change due to the implementation of the new strategy. Then the degree of variability in engagement can be examined between conditions. The relative tinct of increasing performance management can be examined in the short and long term, which could help in our theoretical understanding of the psychological underpinnings of any effects observed if the effects change over time, this will provide clues for future research to investigate, and give use evidence to speculate further on why the change took place. This method of statistical analysis will allow for simple comparisons between control and experimental groups, and for different levels of the experimental condition, in this case the amount of time elapsed after the implementation of the new strategy.LimitationsSince the data will all be gathered from the same business, many confounding variables will remain constant between groups, however this means the findings may be less applicable to other business contexts. There is also the fact that a true time will have passed between conditions, meaning there may have been other changes other than the independent variable under study, which could confound the results. All other pertinent factors will be investigated and accounted for in the final repor t to ensure they remain as consistent as possible.It is also essential to recognise the fact that different individuals harbouring different internal traits and psychological dispositions will be motivated to engage in their workplace by different factors which are meaningful to them personally. This is especially true between individuals with radically differing job characteristics and duties since they are likely to have different expectations of their job, and view their relationship to their job role differently. However the influences on engagement cited here have been shown to be generally applicable despite differing job roles.Psychological factors of unique individuals may also play a role in shaping how well specific employees fit into their job role. May, Gilson and Harter (2004) found that perceived meaningfulness of job role, perceived safety at work (including co-worker relations and perceived job security) and availability of psychological resources relevant to job dem ands are all positively correlated with employee engagement. Such factors may be positively influenced directly by effective performance management but are otherwise outside the scope of this study. The fact that different employees are likely to have been employ between conditions (due to the time elapsed) could also pose a problem due to their potential to have very different opinions, experiences and traits relevant to their work lifespan which could influence employee engagement.Limitations include the fact that not all influences on the outcome variable have possibly been considered in the analysis, although there are good theoretical crusade for including the variables that are present. There is likely a myriad of intervening factors affecting how much employees engage at work, but focusing on ones that are immediately under the control of the business administrators and relatively logistically sound to implement makes the most sense as a starting point for this line of res earch.ReferencesBakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008) Positive organisational behavior Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 147-154Den Hartog, D. N., Boselie, P. and Paauwe, J. (2004) Performance management a model and research agenda. Applied psychology, 53(4), 556-569Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L. and Hayes, T. L. (2002) Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes a meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 87(2), 268Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L. and Keyes, C. L. (2003) Well-being in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes A review of the Gallup studies. Flourishing Positive psychology and the life well-lived, 2, 205-224Kahn, W. A. (1990) Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of management journal, 33(4), 692-724Macey, W. H. and Schneider, B. (2008) The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and Organisational Psychology, 1, 3-30May, D. R., Gilson, R. L. and Harter, L. M. (2004) The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human middle at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(1), 11-37Meyer, J. P. and Gagne, M. (2008) Employee engagement from a self-determination theory perspective. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(1), 60-62Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A. and Crawford, E. R. (2010) Job engagement Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academic Management Journal, 53(3), 617-635Roberts, I. (2001) Reward and performance management. Human resource management A contemporary approach, 3, 506-558Saks, A. M. (2006) Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement.Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600-619Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., De Witte, H. and Lens, W. (2008) Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement The role of basic psycholog ical need satisfaction. Work & Stress,22(3), 277-294

Literature and Language Essay

The word explication takes its form from the verb explicate, meaning to unfold the meaning of an ideas as to make clear the significance of it. Literary criticism in addition makes use of explication, which is termed as explication de text editione. The meaning of a certain text (whether a poem, novel or play) is unfolded by line-by-line or chapter-by-chapter commentary of the text. This thorough interpretation of the text makes the understanding of it as subjective as possible.Analysis, on the other hand, is the process of fragmenting an intricate idea into smaller more cognizant parts to gain a better understanding of the idea. The difference between analysis and explication is on where the probe of the idea starts. In explication, the parts are studied to gain an understanding of the aggregate of the idea whereas in analysis, the whole of the idea is probed and divided into more understandable parts.In writing about a poem, it is best to use explication de texte because the mea ning of the sum of money of the text lies in the interpretation of each line of the poem. Only then if each one of the line is scrutinized will the meaning of the poem will be understood.Contrariwise, in writing about a short story, it is better to utilize analysis. There is a certain unfolding of events that happen within the text and would only(prenominal) culminate towards the ending. Therefore, the entirety of the text should be first read, only then could the small details of the story could be further scrutinized to gain a entrant and more detailed understanding of the story as a whole.It is important to know which type of literary tool should be used to explore a certain text. A different interpretation may be concluded depending on whether explication or analysis is used.Work CitedFranklin, P. (2006). Conjectures on Explication. US Chicago Press.

Morality vs. Obedience

If you washstandt give a good debate for believing what you believe, then its not your tenet its someone elses. Morality vs. Obedience How would someone tease apart this blanket statement and how would they canvas it to faith and obedience in less than three pages? Well, this is how I would. First, Id start by making clear that belief is different from familiarity. companionship can be defined as a clear perception of a truth or fact, erudition skill from practice. A belief can be defined as an assent to anything proposed or declared, and its acceptance as fact by reason of the authority from whence it proceeds, apart from personal knowledge faith. So, to be clear, knowledge is dropping a ball and knowing that it will fall to the ground because of prior experience and the perception that the existence of gravity is a fact. Belief would be dropping the ball and believing it will float because your older brother told you it would. Next, I would establish that this statement is not staking claim on any measure of truth as it relates to beliefs or knowledge.Beliefs and knowledge are both dynamic concepts on all organizational levels of the human experience, from the individual to the global. Lets regaining for example the statement, The Earth is flat. Five hundred years ago, this statement was knowledge. Today, its knowledge that this statement is false. Knowledge changes based on the information and recite usable to us at any point in time. This is also true of beliefs precisely in a different way. When most of us were young, we believed in the Tooth Fairy. wherefore? Because someone told us she was real.However, this belief changed as we began to mature and rely more upon our own abilities to discern truth from fiction. Thus, we have established that both knowledge and belief are subjective but for different reasons. Belief requires no evidence, while knowledge requires evidence and/or experience. I would now like to make a comparative argument reg arding morality and obedience. Simply put, morality is doing whats right, regardless of what anyone says and obedience is doing what your told, regardless of whats right. One can think of many examples regarding these concepts as they are defined but I will leave this to the readers imagination. There is a simple truth to defining obedience and morality in this manner that I find directly comparable to the examined quotation. Neither belief nor obedience require an individual or group to actively compel in an activity or thought process independently. There is no critical thinking involved and one must put their faith in the rightness or truth of anothers belief, knowledge or otherwise. Both knowledge and morality require active engagement.One cannot possess knowledge without having evidence to back it up and one cannot act morally without understanding what it is that makes a situation right or wrong in their eyes. This is especially true when performing morally requires someone t o go against social norms or established laws. The point of this paper is to shed light on the fact that we are all obligated for ourselves to the extent that we can be. No one person can know everything about everything, so belief and obedience are often useful and diffuse fallbacks. For example, I dont snowboard on black diamond slopes.This is not because I have knowledge of how hurt I will get but because I belief the sign posting and obediently board within my level to avoid possible injury. However, in every decision one makes there should be a component of knowledge and morality applied. In application to the snowboarding example, I know, from experience, that my snowboarding skills are not on par with a black diamond. I choose not to risk my health and the resources of first responders by making the moral decision to stay off of it, despite my desire to challenge myself.

Utopia: Not Possible

If hotshot were to ask one hundred different hoi polloi a subjective question, one is likely to elicit 100 different answers. This shows that everyone is different and has a wide range of views. Knowing this, one tooshie assume that individually one of their views on utopia must be equally as varied. Therefore, achieving a common utopia is near impossible. A utopia is a perfect browse where everyone is happy both in troupe and in oneself. Motivation an division of biography that gives well-nighone the drive to achieve a certain refinement. Motivation is the adrenaline rush to life without which humans stick outnot progress as a civilization.It allows for the betterment of decree, thus gaining some common build in the midst of throng which although does not constitute a utopia, will make a majority of people happy. Achieving utopia in society is impossible, but by using utopia as a goal or as a motivation, society will grow into a happier and much utopian like place, even though it can not reach actual utopia. A society similar to a utopia is possible through the Statess motivation, and due to this, we have fruitful land, both agriculturally and socially.Ignorance, the opposite of motivation, leads to a dystopia, a place or environment in which people atomic number 18 miser satisfactory, unhappy or uncomfortable in, instead of a utopian-like society. This shows us that ignorance will not make society happy, thus deviating from the track to social superiority the metamorphosis of society into a state of well-being. Due to each person having unique wants and necessities, the scope of a utopian society, is broadened and stretched until it can no longer be perceived. This adds to the number of reasons why utopia is not possible.Motivation is quintessential to attain near utopianism a society that takes into account everybodys general view of utopia. Without motivation, society would suffer a dystopian lifestyle. Dreamers and visionaries alike co nsume the fire needed for success. This fire is known to us as motivation. An essential driving force in the foot of America, motivation at its finest can be hold backn in many instances. David Brooks, a upstart York Times writer, shows us that America is one of the unmanageableest working countries on this planet.The average American works 350 hours a year nearly 10 weeks more than the average Western European. (Brooks 2004). One-upping the rest of the countries, America harvests some of the badest workers. This hard work pays off in the long run because according to Christopher Matthews, America leads the world in labor productivity. (Matthews 1). This hard work translates into societys progress through time. The American Dream is the dream of being able to make a successful living out of nothing.This dream prevailed in both the recent and in the first place years. For example, the dispersal of America. Attracted to the city life, Americans saturated many of the popular cities in America, like Pittsburgh, for example. Although this is dependable, over time we see a dispersal. population of metropolitan Pittsburgh has declined by 8 percent since 1980 (Brooks 2004). This expansion resulted from the drive to explore and conquer. after quenching this thirst, Americans have seen that they are much happier in the suburbs and exurbs, shown in their productivity.These families are happy because of their success. This success is a direct result of motivated minds, minds that surpass odds which pose as threats, minds that feed off of the ruin fire which incites progress, minds that envision utopia. Minds that simply do not care and are ignorant to societal problems achieve, rather, achieve dystopia as opposed to utopia. Ignorance that lack of knowledge or information. Those who are oblivious to problem solving and opine that ignoring all that is bad are considered ignorant.In Aldous Huxleys Brave New humanity, Lenina Crowne visited a Savage Reservatio n, which was a place for Native Americans that were not civilized. They led normal lives, but Lenina was disgusted by it because she had no previous ground of the world before their god like idol Henry Ford civilized the place. He implemented a factory line way of doing things such as conceiving babies, the term parent was alien to them. She begged for her mannikin which was a drug that releases stress from the consumer and makes the consumer forget slightly all their problems.This is ironic because the accused savages that stay on the savage reservation are not actually savage, it is in fact the civilized people of the World Sate (their home). They rely on drugs and ignorance to be happy. A gramme is better than a damn. (Huxley 89). She explicitly shows how she would much rather take drugs than face her problems. Hiding the problems instead of solving them creates a dystopia in which ignorance is key. Their soma control society knows no problems, because stability was given i n exchange for individualism.Instead of self-understanding, the humans of the World State are organized under a caste system ranging from the Alphas (highest) to the Epsilons (lowest). They out of dately know solitude, but in those rare occurrences, soma quickly fills it with dreams and ignorance. Huxley satirizes utopia as a goal that is out of ones reach by showing how ignorance and fake happiness is ephemeral and does not solve any real problems. George Orwell, a fountain student of Aldous Huxley and now famous writer, in the book 1984, mentions the Party slogan War is peace, Freedom is slavery, Ignorance is strength. (Huxley 26). The people of Oceania are brainwashed to believe that war is peace, freedom is slavery, and the most shocking, ignorance is strength. Ridiculing societys problem of stratagem trust, Orwell shows the reader that ignorance leads to a more Orwellian society than societal strength. There is a dearth of sleep, food, creation of topics, procreation, and yet society ignores this and breeds to believe that on that point is in fact an abundance of sleep, food, et cetera.Due to the society being more dystopian, we can attribute ignorance to a major role in the creation of such a grisly place. David Brooks quotes a philosopher named George Santayana Americans doesnt solve problems we just leave them behind. (Brooks 2004). Mr. Santayana is saying that Americans are ignorant and retarded in our knowledge of the world. Not having any worldly information can lead to a separation from society, removing from societys pool of ideas, knowledge, and people that push for near-utopianism.This leads to a lack of problem solving and abjection of a society at large. A society is composed of people, people each with their own perceptivity and outlook on everything because according to science, no two are the same. Uniquity is prevalent which means that everyones needs and wants are widely dispersed. The common ground between people is limited . Bathroom tile is their cocaine instead of white powder, the blow their life savings on handcrafted Italian wall covering from Waterworks. (Brooks 2004).Instead of wasting money on drugs like other people, some people prefer betteringthe finer things like, in this case, bathroom tiles or Italian wall covering. This backs up the statement, to each, their own. Due to everybody wanting different things, everybodys utopia is different. So even if one were to invest everybody in motion, society would just become even more choppy and divided. Where is the utopia now? Although self transcendence the reconstruction of oneself into a higher being, is a huge part in creating utopia, this society has not progressed get ahead than the selfish values it has already harvested within its people.To be able to implement this action into society would create a place where everyone is happy. If near-utopia was set as a common goal in society, people would come together to achieve this, creating a happy place with a lot of common ground between people. This is true in many instances, for example war and protest. In Greensboro, North Carolina around 1939, a sit-down strike took place. The blacks protested the segregation of color in buildings. Hundreds of other black Americans came to protest this together.The amalgamation of protesters there show that common goals lead to accumulation of support and eventual achievement. Making utopia a common goal between all will result in near success achieving something along the lines of common utopia. make utopia is not pragmatic because there is a wide range of interests between humans which expands and ambiguates the concept of utopia, making it harder to reach, and also because ignorance is prevalent passim society, making it more difficult to solve societal problems and attain true happiness as opposed to proxies of happiness i. e. Soma from Brave New World.A characteristic that Americans possess which whitethorn assist on the j ourney to collective happiness is our niche for working hard. If instead we were to use the idea of having a place where everyone is at peace with their surroundings as a common goal throughout society, motivation would permeate and take control. It is only instinctual to act upon something one feels passionate about. If happiness is what is being offered, so I am certain that this will evoke many people to work side by side to achieve this goal. While working side by side with people passionate about the same goal as one is, one will be happy.Hungry for more happiness, the people would continue to work at the goal, even though it is impossible. This leads to an infinite cycle in which society is constantly bettering itself, creating some type of near-utopia, but no one realizes it. Lying amidst the motivated agitate is utopia, but the minute the crowd loses motivation, the utopia vanishes. So let the idea of utopia tailgate the crowd because after all, the crowd is working toward s something greater societal transcendence, the evolvement of society into a common happy place, not perfection. This is the true utopia.

CIS8000 GLOBAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS Essay

This assignment specifically addresses the following learning objectives of the course LO5 Demonst range effective communication by composing writing that communicates ideas, meaning and/or argument in a format that broadly follows conventions in the randomness systems field.LO6 Apply technology and online skills to locate relevant information for theassignments, analyse the presented problems and data, and engage in the expenditure of the resources offer upd on UConnect.Individual ledger entryStudents should complete this assignment individually. You be encouraged to discuss the assignment with others to mitigate your understanding and clarify requirements but you should develop the solution to the assignment on your own.Plagiarism checkYou mustiness subject your written assignment to a plagiarism check by the TURNITIN softw ar prior to its launching in the EASE system. The TURNITIN software stool be indirectly accessed by dint of the Study Desk without the need to provid e any login-id or password. Further details on how you should interpret the TURNITIN results will be posted in the Study Desk. No assignment will be marked if it is non accompanied by the TURNITIN abbreviation story.Case StudyYou are the CTO of a successful software development company that operates internationally. The organisation is human being resource intensive and one of the challenges encountered was to provide an upto-date time sheet record for salary calculation intends. In order to improve the HR system, you recently attended a seminar on technological innovation that can assist automated clocking of employee attendance, and you were very impressed with the concepts presented in the seminar. It occurred to you that this would offer potential solution to whatsoever of the challenges encountered by your organisation and would be well received by the anxiety.As a result of attention this seminar, and subsequent consultation with your senior managers, it was decided th at clothing computing based appointment cards would be worth an investigation. As an initial step, you wanted to present this concept and associated vision of how wear subject technology would proceeds the organisation, specifically in resolving time sheet issues for payroll system input. You are required to research the background for aproject to implement and manage article of clothing computing, character Microsoft Excel to model a business plan, perform esthesia abridgment to validate assumptions, and create a presentation to seek musical accompaniment and authorisation from senior management to implement and manage wearable computing based identification tags in your organisation.1CIS8000 worldwide Information Systems StrategyAssignment AActivity A Journal (maximum euchre words)Prepare a journal which records your activities and progress related to completing this assignment. In date order, clearly angle of dip the followingDate of research activity/discussionTopic r esearched or discussedTime durationlegal brief description of research activity/discussion.Submit this journal (Activity A) as appurtenance A to the actual pass over (Activity B) to CEO. Your journal must provide all these activity details to be awarded marks.Activity B showing to Senior Management (maximum 2000 words) Before you commence this assignment ensure you bring on completed Hands-on MIS digest 1 to 5 in Appendix S.1 in the Study Book. These exercises are designed to familiarise you with the software, techniques and methods utilize in the assignment.Part 1 Research the background for the wearable identification tags projectConduct an meshwork search to gather relevant background information on the above. In single outicular, you should address the following1. How wearable computing is utilised and its associated risks 2. Advantages and disadvantages3. The infrastructure required4. Best-practice for how wearable tags should be managed.Submit this part of Activity B (Part 1) as initial section of your written report to CEO (the actual report for assignment A) to be able to understand the concept of wearable computing and identification tags concepts.Remember some of the readers of the report to the CEO are from non- technological background and do non understand technical jargons and technology behind the wearable computing and identification tags. You are advised to adopt a balanced approach in your writing style in this business report to CEO ( any highly technical information can go into the appendix B of the report).Part 2 Develop the Excel model of the business caseOnce you have completed Part 1, develop a spread-sheet model of your business comprises over a 4 year period. Some of the materials provided in the MIS Projects may help you to come up with a simple modelling. For the purpose of modelling, assume a discount rate of 10 per cent. Your business model should include the following analysis to ascertain the financial viability of t he project1. Payback period2. Net present value (NPV)3. Internal rate of return (IRR)4. Profitability indexHINTS To obtain the payback period you would first need to calculate the accumulative remuneration cash flow. Use the NPV and IRR functions provided in Microsoft Excel. You may need to search the earnings for information if you are not familiar with how to use these functions. Interpret your results. Use the note in MIS Project 4 groovy Budgeting Methods for Information System Investments to guide you.Remember some of the readers of the report to the CEO are from non-financial background and do not understand, Payback period, NPV, IRR, and Profitability index. You are advised to provide descriptions, analysis, and implications of these technical aspects in your actual report to CEO.CIS8000 Global Information Systems StrategyAssignment APart 3 Perform a predisposition analysis for the business case Using the results you obtained in Part 2 as the base case, gestate a sensit ivity analysis to examine the impact of the critical cost and benefit variables on the viability of the wearable tags project. Provide three specific scenarios of consideration. You must clearly specify the basis of the three scenarios i.e. which critical cost variables they are examining in the sensitivity analysis Carefully analyse your results and make appropriate recommendations to the companys senior management as to how the critical cost variables should be managed to ensure that the wearable tags project is two viable and sustainable in the long term.NOTE If you are unfamiliar with the business case and sensitivity analysis concepts you should make an effort to read appropriate material, including those from the Internet, to learn some them.Remember some of the readers of the report to the CEO are from non-financial background and do not understand sensitivity. You are advised to provide descriptions, analysis, and implications of these technical aspects in your actual repo rt to CEO.Part 4 Create a report to senior management4.1 Consolidate and cross-analyse your results and findings with justifications and implications from Part 1, 2 and 3. Then prepare an executive business report to the companys senior management to seek their financial support and authorisation to embark on the project.3CIS8000 Global Information Systems StrategyAssignment AMarking criteriaYou are strongly advised to read the marking criteria carefully before starting on your assignment. In particular, note the marks allocation for separately part and sub-part in Activities. Ensure that the length of your solution should be commensurate with the allocated marks.General guidelines for Activity BYour submission must be submitted to the CEO as a report in a single document, not an essay. Please note that reports do have subheadings and an appropriate letter of transmittal is required.The word count does not include the following executive summary, letter of transmittal, table of co ntents, figures, tables, sources or appendices. The body of the report should be about 2000 words in length and you may lose marks if it varies by more than 10%.You must demonstrate additional research from outside the text edition. Suggestions for other references include other general texts on information systemsmanagement, industry journals, periodicals, electronic databases etc. (many of which are available online from the USQ Library atUse the Harvard referencing format for in-text references and the reference list. Your references should include at least one web/electronic link but all the references should not be from the web (ie URLs). Refer to chapter 2 (referencing) of the Communication Skills Handbook 3ed. for further details.Inappropriate referencing or excessive grammar/spelling errors will incur a penalty. You should refrain from cutting and pasting chunks of materials from the Internet as this will be treated as plagiarism. To avoid any allegation of academic misco nduct from unintentional plagiarism from Internet sources it is compulsory that you use the TURNITIN software to check your work before submitting it. Remember TURNITIN may take more than 24 hours to produce the report. There are few other free applications available on the net to check plagiarism and you are allowed to use them as well.You must state your assumptions clearly, validate the stated assumptions through properliterature search, provide a compelling case for cost and budget figures. You may use any format for the report, and the Internet provides many examples of Executive Type report, and you are encouraged to search for samples that cause your needs. (each report supposed to have title page, letter of transmission, table of contents, executive summary, conclusion & recommendations, references and appendixes)Report data format instructionsMajor headings should be in upper case, 14 point Times New roman print Bold. Minor headings should be in lower-case, 12 point Time s New Roman Bold. Body text should be formatted to 12 point, Times New Roman.Page size should be A4. Allow for a 25 mm margin on both sides of each page, a 25 mm margin at the top of each page and a 25 mm margin at the bottom of each page. Use single line spacing.Your assignment should be submitted in one of the following formats Portable account Format (.pdf).