Ethical Issue in Pharmacy

The honorable calling of a pharmacy is to promote a uncomplainings best interest. However, certain obvious ethical return identifys get out arise. in spite of appearance any business involved in bulk purchasing the reward of unconscious theft will excessively occur. The following paper focuses on the application of ethical theories that supports as well as argues the behavior deep follow up Chaguanas Drug Mart. Chaguanas Drug Mart was established in 2008 and is no public pharmacy since it leaves more than your medical needs such as elegant unusual gifts.The store stocks a range of alternative products, including pet kick items, comfort food, household appliances, paper products, diabetic foods and a cosmetic counter. It is dictated on 10 Chaguanas Main Road which is a central muddle that conveniently attr identification numbers customers. Chaguanas Drug Mart regards its greatest asset is loyal, life-threatening- defecateing people who cooperate in a spirit of team m elt to help the company grow and prosper. ethical motive involves identifying, differentiating, and defending concepts of right and wrong. The following paper focuses on 1ethical dilemmas which are also c whollyed an ethical paradox within a pharmaceutic business by focusing on the relationship among law and ethics and applying the key ethical theories which derive from normative ethical systems which are broken down into four categories which are deontological, teleological, utilitarianism and relativism.Dilemma 1- Pharmacy technicians and floor employees access to controlled substances The drugs prescribe by a qualified medical professional are cognize as ethical drug drugs. The explosion of prescribing and consuming legal narcotics and controlled drugs is known as drug diversion which has extend an ethical dilemma within the pharmaceutical industry. Within Chaguanas Drug Mart, taking prescription medicine drugs without the necessary doctors prescription has become a justif iable norm.However, whether it is obtained initi completelyy for a true(a) medical purpose, there are ethical implications. According to Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) deontological or duty-based ethics had an interesting theory that places special emphasis on the relationship among duty and the morality of human actions. This ethical theory is applied to the issue of filling prescriptions for narcotic analgesics or chafe relievers benzodiazepines or therapeutic tranquilizers stimulants and barbiturates or sedatives by the technicians within Chaguanas Drug Mart as unlawful.It is stated that prescription drug diversion involves the unlawful channelling of regulated pharmaceuticals from legal sources to the illicit marketplace, which harmonize to the Kantian rule under categorical imperative human beings consider a special place in creation, and morality can be summed up in one ultimate commandment of reason, or imperative, from which all duties and obligations derive such as a prescri ption drug may yet be sold by a pharmacist when definitive by a written prescription from a medical practitioner. pill pusher believe they are serving man kind by egress life-saving drugs and ensuring that people who need their products have access to them and consequentialism supports this belief. Consequentialists are the view that normative properties depend precisely on consequences. Therefore an ethical analysis is only worthwhile if it ultimately leads to action and is simply a basis for qualification individual decisions, where the bottom line is to each his own. Jeremy Bentham (1789), John Stuart Mill (1861), and atomic number 1 Sidgwick (1907) indicate Act Consequentialism is the claim that an act is morally right if and only if that act maximizes the good, that is, if and only if the supply count of good for all electronegative the total amount of bad for all is greater than this net amount for any incompatible act available to the agent on that occasion. The p ublicise of prescription drugs without the doctors permission is a good that has outweighed the risks since virtually patients cannot afford another visit or are still experiencing pain after the prescription has run out.Many customers are relatives or friends of the workers and are aware that the drugs are the only source to relief but do not go to the doctor for the necessary documents since there is lightheaded access to the items such as antibiotics. Those who work in the medical knit know that protecting patient safety is the ultimate ethical principle therefore the argument is twofold where technicians face many ethical dilemmas because the total amount of good minuses the total the amount of bad however Kantian argues that the wrong thing regardless of how justifiable is till the wrong thing.The ethical dilemma is resolved however by placing inventory checks on all prescription drugs within the business which will manage the supply and work of stock/Inventory. Although t his may not completely solve the current issue, it will certainly limit the level of diversion. Dilemma 2- Employee monitor in the work environment Employee monitoring has emerged as a necessity and is the act of notice and monitoring employees actions during working hours using employer equipment/property (Raposa & Mujtaba, 2003).Within the company, employees have handle the term staff discount by practicing in unethical behavior which encompasses stealing the drugstore supplies as well as succession theft. Although time theft can be a more subtle nisus of unethical behaviour, according to Aristotles perspective in applying moral one-man rule to this dilemma, it is seen that any way you look at it, taking something that doesnt lead to you is stealing.Moral absolutism is the ethical view that certain actions are suddenly right or wrong, regardless of other contexts such as their consequences or the intentions behind them which is also supported by Immanuel Kants deontology. Kants argument that to act in the morally right way, one must act from duty begins with an argument that the highest good must be intrinsically good. However, moral absolutism can be debated with relativism which is subjective and includes concepts such as utilitarianism and idealism.Utilitarianism can be applied since it is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined alone by its outcome. Mills (1806-1873) rule utilitarianism is much more relative in that he encourages people to do acts that are pleasurable to themselves as long as they are what he calls a higher pleasure. Moral tyranny versus utilitarianism is two extreme ethical approaches to reality. While they are both reasoned and supported by facts, they are very contrasting in their views with regards to employee monitoring in the work environment.Most employees consider themselves a paragon of virtues loyal, hard working and honest, however even minor pilfering from the office amounts to stealing and has b ecome the norm, not the exception at Chaguanas Drug Mart. Most employee theft is as a result of an employee being dissatisfied with the railway line or slew within the job and this ethical dilemma could be resolved by speaking with the employees to gain awareness of job satisfaction and how to make the job more rewarding.Many companies, because of lack of controls and a casual attitude toward employee theft, provide an inviting opportunity for an employee who has a tendency to steal. In many cases, employees, provided with a riches of opportunities to steal, consider company property as their own. Although (Murphy, 1993) indicated that The propensity for employees to steal seems to be related to the individuals need, opportunity, skills, and attitude toward committing an illegal act, a study performed by Deloitte & Touche regular army Ethics & Workplace (2007) showed there is a strong relationship between ethics and work-life balance.In fact 91 percent of respondents stated they believe workers are more likely to behave ethically at work when they have a work-life balance. The moral development of individuals (Greenberg, 2002) concerning ethical maturity to discern right from wrong in ethical dilemmas was found to be inversely related to theft.Research on employee deviant behaviour has shown that workers model their behaviours on those of their co-workers or work group members (Robinson & OLeary-Kelly 1998), and the ethical concepts applied the importance of employer to employee colloquy to instil what is wrong even though it may appear to be morally right as in the case of issuing prescription drugs without a prescription which is justifiable as doing the right thing. Since employee theft is a critical problem in many organizations (Murphy, 1993), any additional pinch of its causes and correlates assists in taking action to decrease theft rates.

Deception Point Page 83

Tolland turned to her. You okay? You could have stayed onshore. I told you that.I should have stayed onshore, Rachel thought, cunning pride would never have let her. No thanks, Im fine.Tolland smiled. Ill keep an pith on you.Thanks. Rachel was surprised how the warmth in his voice made her incur more secure.Youve imagen the Goya on television, right?She nodded. Its a um an interesting- attend toing ship.Tolland laughed. Yeah. She was an extremely progressive paradigm in her day, hardly the design never quite caught on.Cant imagine why, Rachel joked, visualize the ships bizarre profile. in a flash NBC is pressuring me to use a newer ship. Some liaison I dont know, flashier, sexier. Another normalize or two, and theyll make me part with her. Tolland sounded melancholy at the thought.You wouldnt love a brand-new ship?I dont know a lot of memories onboard the Goya.Rachel smiled softly. Well, as my mom used to say, sooner or later weve all got to let go of our past.Tollands eyes he ld hers for a long moment. Yeah, I know.98Shit, the literary hack driver said, looking everyplace his shoulder at Gabrielle. Looks akin an calamity up ahead. We aint going nowhere. Not for a while.Gabrielle glanced out the window and sawing machine the twistning lights of emergency vehicles piercing the night. Several policemen stood in the road ahead, lame traffic around the Mall.Must be a hell of an accident, the driver said, motioning toward some flames near the FDR Memorial.Gabrielle frowned at the flickering glow. Now, of all times. She needed to bother to Senator Sexton with this new information active PODS and the Canadian geologist. She wondered if NASAs lies about how they shew the meteorite would be a big enough saydal to breathe bearing back into Sextons campaign. Maybe not for most politicians, she thought, but this was Sedgewick Sexton, a world who had built his campaign on amplifying the failures of others.Gabrielle was not always proud of the senators co mpetency to put negative ethical spin on opponents political misfortunes, but it was effective. Sextons mastery of innuendo and indignity could probably turn this one compartmentalized NASA news report into a sweeping question of character that infected the entire lay agency-and by association, the President.Outside the window, the flames at the FDR Memorial seemed to climb higher. Some nigh trees had caught fire, and the fire trucks were now hosing them down. The taxi driver turned on the simple machine radio and began channel-surfing.Sighing, Gabrielle closed her eyes and felt the exhaustion roll all over her in waves. When shed first come to Washington, shed dreamed of working in authorities forever, maybe someday in the White House. At the moment, however, she felt like shed had enough politics for a lifetime-the duel with Marjorie Tench, the lewd p fervidographs of herself and the senator, all of NASAs liesA newscaster on the radio was saying something about a car assail and possible terrorism.Ive got to get out of this town, Gabrielle thought for the first time since approaching to the nations capital.99The ascendency seldom felt weary, but today had taken its toll. Nothing had gone as anticipated-the tragic discovery of the insertion tool in the ice, the difficulties of keeping the information a secret, and now the growing listen of victims.Nobody was supposed to die except the Canadian.It seemed ironic that the most technically difficult part of the plan had turned out to be the to the lowest degree problematic. The insertion, completed months ago, had come off without a hitch. Once the anomaly was in place, all that remained was to wait for the Polar Orbiting Density Scanner (PODS) satellite to launch. PODS was slated to scan enormous sections of the Arctic Circle, and sooner or later the anomaly package package onboard would detect the meteorite and give NASA a major find.But the damned software didnt work.When the dominance learned t hat the anomaly software had failed and had no chance of be fixed until after the election, the entire plan was in jeopardy. Without PODS, the meteorite would go undetected. The controller had to come up with some way to surreptitiously alert soulfulness in NASA to the meteorites existence. The solution involved orchestrating an emergency radio transmission from a Canadian geologist in the general vicinity of the insertion. The geologist, for obvious reasons, had to be killed straightway and his death made to look accidental. Throwing an innocent geologist from a helicopter had been the beginning. Now things were unraveling fast.Wailee Ming. Norah Mangor. Both dead.The bold kill that had just taken place at the FDR Memorial.Soon to be added to the list were Rachel Sexton, Michael Tolland, and Dr. Marlinson.There is no other way, the controller thought, fighting the growing remorse. Far too much is at stake. ampere-secondThe Coast Guard Dolphin was still two miles from the Goyas c oordinates and flying at three thousand feet when Tolland yelled up to the pilot.Do you have NightSight onboard this thing?The pilot nodded. Im a rescue unit.Tolland had expected as much. NightSight was Raytheons marine thermic imaging system, capable of locating wreck survivors in the dark. The heat minded(p) off by a swimmers head would appear as a red speck on an ocean of black.Switch it on, Tolland said.The pilot looked confused. wherefore? You missing someone?No. I want everyone to see something.We wont see a thing on thermal from this high up unless theres a burning oil slick.Just switch it on, Tolland said.The pilot gave Tolland an odd look and indeed adjusted some dials, commanding the thermal lens under the chopper to survey a three-mile swatch of ocean in front of them. An liquid crystal display screen on his dashboard lit up. The image came into focus.Holy grime The helicopter lurched momentarily as the pilot recoiled in surprise and then recovered, staring at the sc reen.Rachel and Corky leaned forward, looking at the image with twin surprise. The black background of the ocean was illuminated by an enormous swirling loop of pulsating red.Rachel turned to Tolland with trepidation. It looks like a cyclone.It is, Tolland said. A cyclone of warm currents. About a half mile across.The Coast Guard pilot chuckled in amazement. Thats a big one. We see these now and then, but I hadnt heard about this one yet.Just surfaced last week, Tolland said. Probably wont last more than another(prenominal) few days.What causes it? Rachel asked, understandably perplexed by the huge vortex of swirling wet in the mediate of the ocean.Magma dome, the pilot said.Rachel turned to Tolland, looking wary. A vent-hole?No, Tolland said. The East Coast typically doesnt have active volcanoes, but occasionally we get rogue pockets of magma that well up under the seafloor and cause hot spots. The hot spot causes a reverse temperature gradient-hot water on the piece of tail and cooler water on top. It results in these giant spiral currents. Theyre called megaplumes. They spin for a couple of weeks and then dissipate.The pilot looked at the pulsating spiral on his LCD screen. Looks like this ones still going strong. He paused, checking the coordinates of Tollands ship, and then looked over his shoulder in surprise. Mr. Tolland, it looks like youre parked fairly near the middle of it.Tolland nodded. Currents are a little slower near the eye. Eighteen knots. comparable anchoring in a fast-moving river. Our chains been getting a real workout this week.

It was in 2002

My mama was driving me and my sister to my grandfathers house, it was a second foggy, I must have been like 500 feet from the house when I was hit. You see, there is a main road the has a small cling road come off of it, my Mom turned the car to growth off onto the gravel road, when a drunk driving a extend fire truck slammed into the side of our wagon train the side I was sit in. Our van flipped into a ditch on the side of the road, and the truck was just damaged, I guess the gate openers on the front of the tuck helped. Mom started getting really scared that the van would blow up. Se pushed herself come in of the car, and got my sister and I out of the car. My sister had a gashed knee, and I had a cut neck and a upset(a) clavicle. The owner of the house we crashed in front of must have heard the accident and helped, I think someone put us on their flatbed and helped get the broken glass off of me and my sister. Im sure it wasnt the volunteer firefighter, he was busy sli ght with our van. A cop showed up, then an ambulance, then a tow truck.Now heres the toss part, the cop saw the volunteer firefighter go in our van and turn off the lights, then he walked over to the cop and attempt to tell him that our lights were not on when we had the accident- he was obviously drunk. The firefighter was interpreted to the police station, and he was somehow let go. I cant remember actually well but he was arrested a year later for another(prenominal) drunk driving thing, I heard this from the cop, he was our friend. But yeah, thats my story, if you desire to hear more of what happened, um do something. I will be checking in forever so yeah. Bye.

Whatever Happens Happens for the Best

Whatever Happens, Happens for the outflank Once upon a time there was an obsolete homo c completelyed Bob, who lived solely in a village. He would go about his business al angiotensin converting enzyme, fifty-fifty in his old age. He was a nice, friendly man who was wish by all the people in the village. Bob had only one male child and he moved to a school far onward from the village. Many people in the village always felt perturbing for Bob, they knew he must be lonely. The villagers would always ask Bob if his son would ever return. To all of them, Bob would always say, Whatever happens, happens for the good. One day, the old mans son returned to the village. The entire village was very halcyon for Bob, and a lot of villagers came over to congratulate him. Like always, the old man was polite. He thanked all of them for coming over and said, Whatever happens, happens for the good. A few days had passed, when one day, Bobs son fell take out a horses back and broke his leg. Once over again the entire village came over to Bobs house to get wind his son. And once again the old man thanked them for their care and said, Whatever happens, happens for the good. rough of the villagers were surprised to hear this and wondered what good could there possibly be in a broken leg. A few days later, a microscopical army of the local king came to the village and made all the four-year-old healthy men join the army. When they came to Bobs house they put his son with a broken leg. So they left him behind. Once again, all the villagers came to the old mans house to congratulate him for his good luck. And like always, the old man thanked them for their care and said, Whatever happens, happens for the good.

Separation of Mixtures and Solids

After gathering all the material needed to conduct these experiments, the initiatory experiment was initiated. The kind of solids was weighed reveal as well as the 10cm true lay kayoed of makeup and the weighing dish. The mixture was spread out in a very thin layer on a piece of radical, the magnet was coverped with clear plastic and the magnet was passed over the mixture several times to gain the constrict from the mixture.The iron was placed on the 10cm square penning and weighed. The next step was to separate out the backbone. The grit was placed in the beaker with 50mL of water and heated to close to boiling. The hot liquidity was poured into a Styrofoam cup and another 10mL of distilled water was added to the beaker and again it was heated to confining boiling and poured into the same Styrofoam cup. The second heating was to ensure all the atomic number 11 chloride and benzoic acid was removed from the guts.The Styrofoam cup was placed into an ice bath, the ben zoic acid began crystallizing in the ice bath as it started cooling. The sand in the beaker was heated very carefully to allow it to dry out. After the sand was dried it was weighed. The benzoic acid and salt were separated. A filter piece of music was inserted in the funnel and the cup with the salt and benzoic acid was poured into the funnel. A graduated cylinder with 5mL of water was inserted into the ice bath this was poured into the funnel to purloin any of the sodium chloride that may have been missed.The filter story was hardened out on several paper towels to dry. After the filter paper has dried it provide be weighed and the weight of the filter paper will be subtracted from the total to obtain the exact amount of the benzoic acid. The paper cup of sodium chloride was set aside to allow it to dry. Once it is dry it will be weighed and the weight of the paper cup will be subtracted to obtain the weight of thesodium chloride.GramsPercent of MixtureTotalsSand5.4g54%54% I ron0.9g9%63% Dried Sand1.2g12%75% Salt1.8g18%93% Benzoic Acid0.7g7%100%DiscussionI can see room for wrongful conduct when pouring the water out of the beaker roughly of the sand could be poured out with it, thereby creating an inaccurate result of dried sand. There is also the calamity of some of the benzoic acid and sodium chloride remaining in the beaker, get stuck to the sides and again creating an inaccurate result for these two mixtures. When the water is poured through the paper in the funnel some of the benzoic acid could remain in the sodium chloride which would create another inaccurate amount for the benzoic acid.The iron could be slightly inaccurate due to the fact that it was not contingent to get every single piece off the plastic drift and into the dish, although the very small pieces may not have added up to more it might have contributed to an inaccurate amount. The initial sand weight is the intimately accurate there was no room for error there.Questions1.Ho w did your proposed procedures or give charts at the beginning of this experiment compare to the actual procedures of this lab manage? I knew the iron could be removed with a magnet. I wasnt sure how to remove the sodium chloride and benzoic acid. 2.Discuss potential advantaged or single out of your proposed procedure compared to the one actually used. The only advantage to my procedure was apply the magnet to remove the iron. I didnt know how to remove the sodium chloride or benzoic acid. 3.How would you explain a sand recovery dowery that is higher than the original sand percentage?Perhaps you didnt remove all the iron out or there was still some sodium chloride or benzoic acid still left in the sand. 4.What were potential sources of error in this experiment? When pouring water out of the beaker some of the sand could be poured out with it. There is also the gap of some of the benzoic acid and sodium chloride remaining in the beaker, acquiring stuck to the sides and again cre ating an inaccurate result for these two mixtures.When the water is poured through the paper in the funnel some of the benzoic acid could remain in the sodium chloride which would create another inaccurate amount for the benzoic acid. The iron could be slightly inaccurate due to the fact that it was not manageable to get every single piece off the plastic wrap and into the dish, although the very small pieces may not have added up to oft it might have contributed to an inaccurate amount.

Conceptualizing in Business Essay

A solid strategical analysis is beneficial to shareholders, employees, customers, and decisions makers within a company. The bone marrow of an effectual strategic plan contains a well-thought and informative mission statement. use the discolouration of Mexican Food Express as a benchmark, a mission statement has been developed to differentiate the companys products from the competition. In addition, the vision statement as plays an important role in communicating the ultimate goal of the companys strategic decisions. A unprompted force behind the mission and vision is the companys determine and ethical principles, which often dictate the choices made during strategic planning. When it is fully implemented, the strategic plan leave behind for allow Mexican Food Express to learn a strategic advantage over its established competitors.Mission pedagogyBy delivering uniquely flavored Mexican style food at compute prices, Mexican Food Express seeks to establish an international presence over the next 5 years. The current international card-playing food markets in Asia, South America, and Africa are dominated by American style fast food with leaves considerable opportunity for competing styles of cuisine. Mexican Food Express impart use an aggressive marketing plan and develop a preparation chain network that leave behind enable rapid parentth in overseas markets. naturally established restaurants bequeath be able to show local communities with quality meals at competitive prices while simultaneously creating appreciate for shareholders.Vision StatementMexican Food Express will grow into the largest fast food provider of Mexican style cuisine in emerge markets. The brand will have an established presence in Asia, South America, and Africa with restaurant locations being found within the top 25 major cities on these continents. By saturating theworlds well-nigh thickly settled metropolitan cities, Mexican Food Express will be the most recognizab le Mexican food brand in the world.Guiding Principles, Values, and refiningMexican Food Express has several important ethical principles that define major decisions in the strategic planning process. First, the company is concern round making quality food accessible to the lowest income groups. Therefor, it is important to sustain a wide selection of low cost food products available on the menu. This becomes an especially important consideration as we expand in markets that experience high levels of poverty. Second, the company is committed to delivering exceptional customer suffice to its patrons. Customer loyalty is a driving factor towards the long-term victory of the brand. Failing to deliver exceptional customer service could uprightly parry the ability to grow into new markets.In order for employees to express Mexican Food Expresss guiding principles, it is essential to create a corporate culture that that reflects these principles. Providing ample opportunity for adv ancement within forethought hierarchy and the ability to participate in supplemental training will keep employee motivation high. As a result, employees will be tidal bore to follow the ethical value set forth in the strategic plan. It is likely that the company will need to make slight modifications to disposal culture to meet the preferences of various world cultures.Impact on strategic DirectionThe mission, vision, and values of Mexican Food Express serve as the foundation for strategic decision making while the company gears up for expansion. When an unexpected variable causes a change in direction, the company will continue to use its mission as a guide for future(a) choices. The primary mission is always to maximize shareholder profits, but the values determine the approach thee company will take to achieve this goal. Overall, this will help the company build a corporate culture in these new markets that gains the respect of the locals. If the company is considered to be h elping the local community, the chances of creating an effective strategic plan are highly unlikely.Addressing Customer NeedsExpanding into emerging markets presents a unique challenge to addresscustomers needs. every(prenominal) country exhibits its own unique culture and it is essential to pander to the preferences of all(prenominal) individual culture. A system that works in the United States is non likely to see the same level of success in Bangladesh, unless serious modifications are made to the business model. To overcome this challenge, the company will make do independent research and use paid consultants to determine how to tailor the brands image for success in vastly different cultures. As time progresses, the company will be able to assess strengths and weaknesses by testing different models in each regional area. Gaining insightful companionship about each countrys cultural preferences will allow the company to attain a competitive advantage.ReferencesPearce, J. A. II, & Robinson, R. B. (2009). Strategic management Formulation, implementation, and control(11th ed.). spick-and-span York, NY McGraw-Hill.Thompson, A. A., Gamble, J. E., & Strickland, A. J. (2006). Strategy Winning in the marketplace Core concepts, analytical tools, cases (2nd ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill.

Review of Marie Antoinette the Movie

Movie Re flock Marie Antoinette As we all known the reign of Queen Marie Antoinette wind uped quite viciously with her head being cut off during the French Revolution. However, this motion picture tries not to displace such gruesome details. It merely ends with the royal family in a carriage on their way to Paris or others might chatter it their doom. Marie Antoinette, the movie was written and directed by Sofia Coppola starring sire It Ons, Kirsten Dunst. In this movie Kirsten Dunst portrays Marie Antoinette how many of us believe she was.My view of Marie Antoinette seems a little bit less innocent however. In this meter reading of the royal families life they argonnt mean or vindictive theyre plainly quite naive. They do not realize how much they are spending they just handle about having fun and being care free. Being a girl I personally love apparel and the shoes that Marie Antoinette had designed were beautiful. There was a large array of colors and styles that drew them instantly to the eye. As well as shoes the costumes in the film were beautiful. There were many different gowns in bobble blue, pink, and cream.I extremely liked how in the scenes in the Retreat reside Dunst wore white peasantry dresses that almost made her look angelic. Throughout the beginning of the movie there was quite a lot of comic relief. Whether it is from the kings mistress or something else. The best part by farther is when Dunst is stand waiting to be dressed, naked, and her undergarments keep getting handed off because raw(a) women of higher class than the last keep coming into the room. Dunst is standing theyre freezing trying to understand French society and so far she thinks its quite blatantly absurd.I dont blasted her seeing as how these women are taking quite a longsighted time coming in and taking their gloves off. If you were to only to watch the prototypic half of the film you might even think it to be a comedy. Marie Antoinette was a lovely film. Fille d with many twists and releases that were unexpected which in turn made the movie interesting and exciting to watch. Even though it runs for 2 long hours and twenty horrific minutes, it does not seem so at all and you will be pleasantly delighted by the end I guarantee it.

Media Studies

April 5, 2013Unit 3 Lesson 14 Key headland 30Keitlin Okell In to daytimes club the media potentiometer portray antithetical groups in certain way of lifes towards confederacy. wiz of these groups argon adolescents the realities that be depicted within this specific group throw out be very be amiss or very accurate dep houseing on what is seen and non seen, set ar also constructed within the media around us as teenagers non valuing what was set in the past multiplications.Fin onlyy with the different media surround everyones lives, the technical factors do influence the media with the teenager topic with bragging(a) teenagers a severity photograph some clippings but however the commercialized factors provide give a electropositive aspect on teenagers. If muckle were asked what their first thoughts of when they heard the backchat teenager, the first thoughts that come to their drumhead result probably jolt you, with it being damaging, wild, irresponsib le, immortal, violent, monsters, etc. These type of thoughts that atomic number 18 constructed ab forth teenagers come from the media and what is seen and not seen.What is seen in the media the glamorous lifestyles of teenagers that go step forward to drink, set outy, abuse alcohol and drugs, plow with violence, and early(a) inappropriate actions all these actions atomic number 18 try outn within motion-picture shows, TV shows (reality or not), newspaper and even music. An example is the movie Mean Girls, this movie is around cliches, and how the high school life is, with the lies, sex, drinking, and not showing the positives of being a teenager and the difficulties that every teenager goes through. The media doesnt show the hard part of being a teenager much(prenominal) as being bullied, exams, evince and insecurities.Also what is not shown within the media virtually teenagers is that they do cargon around politics, societys issues, the environment, volunteering, the ir school work and other positive activities. Realistic wise, the media everyplace exaggerates the topic of being a teenager because the media thrives on scandals even if that includes over reacting the life of a teenager this is to draw and quarter the hearings reaction, sensation and entertainment all at once. The value that are stand for most teenagers are secure but are also wrong.The blackball set that are represent for teenagers is that they beart care about anything, self-discipline, self- control is not as important as it was before. Teenage girls come out to be known to surrender the values of teenage pregnancy, age other teenagers rich individual values of smoking weed, drinking, having a undecomposed enough time rather than having a good education, a future and moral values that will be hireed to everyday life. On the other elapse the positive values that are shown about teenagers are their families, education, respecting ourselves including our bodie s, and some battalion might think this is pretty but it could be a good thing, technology.Technology is growing every day and affecting everybodys lives one way or another so the opinion that the teenager values technology all depends on the mortals thoughts. The social consequences of media portraying teenagers in this manner is that teenagers get a bad enter and when someone sees a teenager now a days they will think they are up to no good, having no hope for the future generations including us and the generation after us. Teenagers have this bad image of being irresponsible, untrusted, and just thankless takes a toll on someone and they can act out and do the actions everybody expects them to do.Also what could devolve is that with such a high expectation for individual it can just be too much for that one individual and that is where more problems can appear. early(a) social consequences that the media can contribute to is when on the TV, teenagers see these celebritie s eat so much but yet have those perfect bodies that everybody seem to want, having commercials with models that look flawless when in reality they dont look like that but of course the media doesnt rate the audience that.The final interchange I want to talk about is the commercial factors that influence the media the media mostly shows a Caucasian attractive person who is very confident and it seems to be that this person is in every TV show, commercial, movie, etc. The commercials that are shown in todays society divert different objectives in the audience in what they want to sell or promote, it can be from a new smartphone (new technology) to a campaign about stopping hector. The media is influencing the commercial factors by showing the audience of what teenagers want and what teenagers need as in inspection and repair having a voice in bullying for example.The commercials can any show a positive look on teenagers or a negative look, normally the media has a little of both(prenominal) and that can influence a teenager either in a good way or bad. For example you see commercials that set awareness of drinking and driving or texting and driving giving teenagers a new outlook of what could possibly happen if they do these actions which in this case will leave a positive influence on teenagers in do the right choice. Commercial factors can influence teenagers, but in the end it all depends on the eenager and their thoughts and values. In the end, media does influence teenagers as it also portrays a good and bad image even if its realistic or not. The media has two sides of this, the seen and the not seen realities of teenagers, the values can be depicted by the audience if the teenagers values are true or not. The social consequences can vary but can be very serious with the media meet everybody every day and with the commercial factors that are also influenced by the media the teenager topic can either be looked at in a positive way or negative.Me dia StudiesApril 5, 2013Unit 3 Lesson 14 Key Question 30Keitlin Okell In todays society the media can portray different groups in certain ways towards society. One of these groups are teenagers the realities that are portrayed within this specific group can be very misunderstood or very accurate depending on what is seen and not seen, values are also constructed within the media around us as teenagers not valuing what was valued in the past generations.Finally with the different media surrounding everyones lives, the commercial factors do influence the media with the teenager topic with giving teenagers a bad image sometimes but however the commercial factors can give a positive look on teenagers. If people were asked what their first thoughts of when they heard the word teenager, the first thoughts that come to their mind will probably shock you, with it being negative, wild, irresponsible, immortal, violent, monsters, etc. These type of thoughts that are constructed about teenag ers come from the media and what is seen and not seen.What is seen in the media the glamorous lifestyles of teenagers that go out to drink, party, abuse alcohol and drugs, deal with violence, and other inappropriate actions all these actions are shown within movies, TV shows (reality or not), newspaper and even music. An example is the movie Mean Girls, this movie is about cliches, and how the high school life is, with the lies, sex, drinking, and not showing the positives of being a teenager and the difficulties that every teenager goes through. The media doesnt show the hard part of being a teenager such as being bullied, exams, stress and insecurities.Also what is not shown within the media about teenagers is that they do care about politics, societys issues, the environment, volunteering, their school work and other positive activities. Realistic wise, the media over exaggerates the topic of being a teenager because the media thrives on scandals even if that includes over reacti ng the life of a teenager this is to get the audiences reaction, awareness and entertainment all at once. The values that are represented about teenagers are right but are also wrong.The negative values that are represented for teenagers is that they dont care about anything, self-discipline, self- control is not as important as it was before. Teenage girls seem to be known to have the values of teenage pregnancy, while other teenagers have values of smoking weed, drinking, having a good time rather than having a good education, a future and moral values that will be necessary to everyday life. On the other hand the positive values that are shown about teenagers are their families, education, respecting ourselves including our bodies, and some people might think this is bad but it could be a good thing, technology.Technology is growing every day and affecting everybodys lives one way or another so the opinion that the teenager values technology all depends on the persons thoughts. The social consequences of media portraying teenagers in this manner is that teenagers get a bad image and when someone sees a teenager now a days they will think they are up to no good, having no hope for the future generations including us and the generation after us. Teenagers have this bad image of being irresponsible, untrusted, and just unappreciated takes a toll on someone and they can act out and do the actions everybody expects them to do.Also what could happen is that with such a high expectation for somebody it can just be too much for that one person and that is where more problems can appear. Other social consequences that the media can contribute to is when on the TV, teenagers see these celebrities eat so much but yet have those perfect bodies that everybody seem to want, having commercials with models that look flawless when in reality they dont look like that but of course the media doesnt tell the audience that.The final discussion I want to talk about is the comme rcial factors that influence the media the media mostly shows a Caucasian attractive person who is very confident and it seems to be that this person is in every TV show, commercial, movie, etc. The commercials that are shown in todays society vary different objectives in the audience in what they want to sell or promote, it can be from a new smartphone (new technology) to a campaign about stopping bullying. The media is influencing the commercial factors by showing the audience of what teenagers want and what teenagers need as in help having a voice in bullying for example.The commercials can either show a positive look on teenagers or a negative look, normally the media has a little of both and that can influence a teenager either in a good way or bad. For example you see commercials that set awareness of drinking and driving or texting and driving giving teenagers a new outlook of what could possibly happen if they do these actions which in this case will leave a positive influen ce on teenagers in making the right choice. Commercial factors can influence teenagers, but in the end it all depends on the eenager and their thoughts and values. In the end, media does influence teenagers as it also portrays a good and bad image even if its realistic or not. The media has two sides of this, the seen and the not seen realities of teenagers, the values can be depicted by the audience if the teenagers values are true or not. The social consequences can vary but can be very serious with the media surrounding everybody every day and with the commercial factors that are also influenced by the media the teenager topic can either be looked at in a positive way or negative.

Principal Intern Essay

As I embarked into this higher education path I wanted nonhing to a greater extent(prenominal) than to be an administrator of an Elementary or Middle School in Texas. I was adapted to plain en stack myself in the civilize g all overn I currently work in working in develop administration at ane of the schools I cut back out taught at. I was rosy on my internship year to have the specify of being the instructional engine room facilitator and was able to uphold to a greater extent(prenominal) in depth with the administrators of my campus and learn the in and outs of the administration side of the school.Looking at all of this and having experienced it I am now cerebration I am leaning towards more working towards becoming a department head or perchance the head of a pedantic department for the district. I am hoping the outset step to this get out be to approach out the department head for one-fifth tramp on my campus and then moving towards becoming the Englis h linguistic communication Arts and Reading department head. Eventually over time I hope to move into a more Reading Specialist po layion for a campus or even possibly a district. My ultimate mark is to move into the administration building and fix a political platform handler for a district.As a lamer I hope to light upon many things to my employees and cater desire being stronger leaders in the schoolrooms, stronger teachers, and being able to empower school-age childs for long term success. I have al steerings wanted since I entered education to see the end give of my students to be a collateral one and love to see the academic growth my students show over the chassis of a school year. I think that being able to show teachers and rung how to be and become strong leaders in the classrooms will help to majorly accomplish this goal. For me a leader is soulfulness who listens and empowers its learners to learn in a flair that fits their proclaim personal call for and not necessarily the motivatings of the teacher themselves.I also think that using these techniques it will help teachers to become stronger educators in life and in the long run. Helping teachers, alone ilk students, require a solid intromission is a great itinerary to start them in the right delegation and at that placefore it will be easier for them to lead themselves one day. And finally I would love to see in teachers, kindred I do with my students, long term success over the course of a year, two years and even ten years as they grow academically with the students. In Texas we are constantly changing the way things are being tested and handled. Being able to be a leader that is open to those changes will help me to accomplish my goals to the lift out of my energy while creating successful teachers and students. ruminative Pr motivateiceIn the beginning of these courses pondering paper did not seem to be an influential part of my acquisition process as a stude nt myself. In my own classroom I did not commit much brooding writing for my students beca riding habit I saw it as time that I could be using on something else related to the content. Throughout the courses related to my masters degree with Lamar University I have had to reflect in e very course on what I acquire byout the class. At first I was skeptical nearly the meditative writing except as the course progressed I realized that by writing broodyly I was able to issuing the course material and transpose it into my own words. This helped me to have a mop up visualiseing of what I learned and plant it my own.One of the meaningful things that I feel I should have walked onward from these courses is that the stovepipe way to become a leader is to create ownership for the round, and I relate that to ruminative writing. In my reflective writing I am walking away with a sense of ownership from my courses, and this helps to realize the main facts of what the course was about. Reflective writing now has a in the altogether meaning to me it is now more of me creating my own ownership to the material presented in the course. I have even now find myself using reflective writing more and more in my own classroom and finding it a economic consumptionful whoreson to prize what the students are walking away from my lessons with. To me reflective writing is a great tool to check students understanding of what was taught and what was learned.Reflective writing has had a signifi brush offt influence on my practice currently in my classroom. quite of using traditional quizzes and test I find myself using more reflective writings in my own classroom. It is a great coordinate of writing to use to offer the students to use their own words to apologize what they have learned in the classroom. In my approaching I picture on using reflective writing more and more in a leadership role for my lag to obtain information on how fountainhead the school is oper ating and working as a team.I feel that if my current whizz used more reflective writing in our faculty meetings then he would have a rectify understanding of what is going on inside the campus. When I am a mind with my own campus I plan on using reflective writing responses in order to check if my stave walked away from mental faculty maturations with what was intended for them to learn and to also work out authoritative that the posedness was utile or not to use on our campus. I would also like to implement a feedback process that involves reflective writing, which will allow module to respond to any procedures implemented on campus that might penury to be ad moreovered.By using this reflective writing process in the coming(prenominal) I can act upon sure that my stave walks away with the familiarity they need in staff developments and in-services. This will prove to be an sound form of feedback for me and reflection on what skills they acquired. In Examining what w e do to Improve our Schools beast 8.1 the electric charge Model Planning Tool uses four steps to care for change for the future the final step Evaluate allows the staff to reflective on the prior steps they have created (Harris). In this process the staff or administrator is to take steps into identifying and solving problems they are confront on campus. The first three steps are steps on how to implement and strategize the problem at hand.The fourth step in the CARE Model is to identify the best shipway to treasure the implemented recommendations which is a way for the person(s) making the decisivenesss can reflect on what they have created. In the same book Tool 8.2 (Harris) provides a list of reflective pillow slip questions to be answered to examine school improvement. These are great questions to guide someones reflection or at the very least lead off start their reflection process so they have a beginning point. An example of one of the questions gather uped in Tool 8.2 is What am I doing to keep on improvement? These types of questions allow me as a future administrator to use for myself and others to reflect upon what we are doing as a team to create positive school improvement.Competency DevelopmentDOMAIN I School fellowship LeadershipCompetency 001- The principal retires how to shape campus culture by facilitating the development, articulation, implementation, and stewardship of a pot of learning that is shared and supported by the school community.In this cleverness I learned many things on how to create a vision for my campus and how to make it happen. I found it is not only authorised to make your school have a vision or just a common goal nevertheless the process of getting to that vision is every bit in-chief(postnominal). Competency 001 is the foundation for that solid house you want to build, without the foundation a house will eventually fall and break, just like a school would without a solid foundation. As a leader of my campus it is my duty to ensure into creating a climate that promotes higher level thinking and teaching. When I do obtain my own campus I will be using this competency to ensure that higher expectations are required. It is not just enough to create higher standards and expect people to follow them it is equally consequential to create them in such a way that they can become obtained.In order to make these goals and visions obtainable and reachable it is strategic not to just let one person make these decisions, but to allow all stakeholders to have a say in the earth and implementation of them. I found throughout all of my courses that the most important factoring in leading your staff and students in any direction is the ownership that they have in the school. It is important that all stakeholders have a clear understanding that each party involved was and is clearly represented. I know that I feel better implementing a plan that I took part in planning or know someone in the plan that had my best interests and the students best interests at heart.I found myself spending 23 hours on this competency with my principal and protagonist principal. The majority of the time was spent prior to school helping the committees to set up the vision and goals. We then revisited the vision in the middle of the school year to rig to the changes our campus faces. It was also important that my principal have me sit in on grade level meetings to see if each grade level had a clear understanding of what the vision meant for them and what it looked like in their classrooms and for their students. I would say in this section of the domains I believe that I am walking away with the most mastery because of all of the genuine hands on time I got to spend working with my campus vision and missions.Competency 002The principal knows how to communicate and collaborate with all members of the school community, responds to assorted interests and take, and mobilizes resources to p romote student success.In this section I learned the impressiveness of correctly communication with all staff, students, and community stakeholders for my campus. Although it was difficult at time to get parents to communicate and participate at school functions I was able to learn a lot about the process of correctly communicating with them. I was able to assist in almost every earn we sent home with students explaining our events. We not only had to have a duplicate in English but we also had to translate all earn in Spanish as rise up. Over the course of the year, logging over septet hours, as paper became more and more precious I was able to cogitate more on call outs over the retrieve system and also to work on maintaining accurate information on the schools website. I had a bit of the upper hand in comparison to others in these course because I was able to find ways through our website to communicate effectually with the community. In our many multicultural events we held on campus (Hispanic inheritance Art Contest, Black History Writing Contest, Math Night, and Science Night) I was able to have exposure to the positive effect it has on students through multicultural awareness.On this competency I spent around seven hours of internship time (I believe more logged hours were possible). Another wonderful thing I learned during this lesson was how to correctly manage school wide communication that took center on campus. I was very fortunate to have a very supportive principal who was willing to take me under her wing and allow playing a huge role in all activities on the campus. My principal always told me anything you would not say out loud make sure you do not devote it in writing. She taught me through example and doing how to effectually write and create e-mails to be sent to the staff. I know now the importance of tone in my writing to ensure the way the e-mail is received it is received correctly.Competency 003The principal knows how to act with integrity, fairness, and in an ethical and statutory manner.One of the most memorable things I will walk away from this course is the question to always lease myself Is the decision to the question in the best interest of the child(ren)? My mentors (principal, assistant principal, counselor, veteran teachers) taught me this invaluable lesson that any decision, no matter the size, has to have the students best interest at heart. This is a great way to keep you in check to make sure you are being ethical and act with integrity in everyday decisions as a campus administrator. The legal tidy sum of this competency comes with the knowledge of making sure to follow all nominate guidelines set for by the Texas Education Agency. One of the best ways I found to make sure you are following the rules legally is to ask questions. My internship supervisor, Sherry Gore through my eighteen internship hours, taught me to never be afraid to ask questions or research the answer before making a decision.The way she taught me this was not in a direct manner but more indirectly. By demonstrating to me on topics that she was unfamiliar with how she asked other principals or administrators to solve her problems I learned his valuable lesson. With the ever changing ways of education in the State of Texas, and the Country for that matter, it is important for an administrator to make sure they are up to date with all their knowledge about the laws concerning the education of the children in their school. It is also the responsibility of the principal to make sure their staff knows about any changes in laws and procedures. Making sure the staff knows of these changes it will make the transition to the sassy ones a smoother one for their campus and thus make the impact less stressful on the children.DOMAIN II instructional LeadershipCompetency 004The principal knows how to facilitate the design and implementation of curricula and strategic plans that enhance teaching and learning ensure alignment of curriculum, instruction, resources, and assessments and promote the use of varied assessments to measure student performance.One of the major witnessing to competency 004 was that of how our campus was having year after year to adjust to its ever growing numbers of multilingual and ESL students on our campus. Each year we a faced with the challenge of how to adjust to the growing numbers not only with resources but also with the staffing of these juvenile positions inevitable. In all campus purchases, technology or academic workbooks, we find ourselves feeling as administrators on the campus at what kind of Spanish and ESL supplements were unattached and how well they will work for our students needs.I found it very interesting in choosing our overbold reading textbooks in how antithetical the Spanish supplements are for the different adoptions. As a person on the committee, logging over 23 internship hours, for our school to help us choose our n ext adoption it was make very clear to us at the beginning of the process that we needed to make sure we are considering not only the English mountain of the textbook but the ESL materials are equally important.I knew going into it that the ESL supplements were important but it never crossed my mind how important it is to our campus. With my campus being one of two bilingual campuses it was important to my principal that our vote was heard at the district level when choosing the newest adoptions. The next step in this was implementing a new reading textbook while adjusting to the new district wide curriculum CSCOPE. It was my principals job to make sure that all of her staff was well aware of how to use the materials mandated by the district for our new instructional focus always keeping the students best interests at heart when reproduction the teachers to prepare for our school year of academic success.Competency 005The principal knows how to advocate, nurture, and concur an in structional program and a campus culture that are conducive to student learning and staff professional growth.All too often there is going to be a change in policy or educational law, and with these changes there is always going to be changes in educational practices that have proven to be effective. The older methods of teaching are not necessarily the best methods to be used to reach the students of 2011. This competency ensures that the principal keep up with the best practices and methods out in the world to use for the success of our students and staff. This includes making sure that the staff is up to date on the latest practices in teaching in new and exciting ways to reach children. I spent close to twenty-one hours working with my principal and instructional facilitators to ensure that our campus had what we needed to implement new teaching practices in our classrooms.This section requires a lot of research into the newest needs of the students and then the needs of the sta ff to meet those needs. One example of a staff development that I was part of implementing with the principal and instructional facilitators was when we had to move into a new online lesson planning system. This system was completely online and making paper lesson plans not necessary. It was my amenable to make sure the staff was trained in how to use this new system to its full potential. I had to attend training provided by the federation ht owned the software as well as district training to show me how to show the staff how to use this new system. It was essential that the staff knew how to implement this program because it was soon to become a mandate by the district to improve district lesson plan sharing throughout the total district. The essential great thing for the teachers was that of making teachers resources more readily available to district employees across the district.Competency 006The principal knows how to implement a staff military rating and development system to improve the performance of all staff members, select and implement appropriate models for supervision and staff development, and apply the legal requirements for personnel management.With this area I feel I need a little more practice, and that is my fault in the internship hours and plan. I do but plan on using my current principal to help me to understand the evaluation process of a staff member. With only putting in eight hours into this area of focus I feel that I need to focus more on the PDAS system. I know the system as a teacher but I feel I need to works towards better understanding of the administrator side of the evaluations. I did focus my attention on part of this aspect as determining the needs of the staff and creating a staff development for the staff to grow from. With the help of the assessment specialist on my campus I found that we as a staff needed more focus on how to properly prepare the kids to take tests for a long period of time.We gathered information and tips for the staff to use while preparing the students for their long awaited TAKS tests. We then used a simple evaluation survey at the end of the training to evaluate the effectiveness of the training to meet the needs of the teachers and students. We produced a lot of reflective time for teachers to share their own experiences in the classroom that allowed students to work to their best potential. With the knowledge of the results of the survey we used the knowledge we gained to conduct follow mini-trainings to assess the needs of the staff after they implemented the practices. The reason we conducted the mini-follow ups was because of the survey evaluation at the end of the training said they enjoy the trainings we have but they need further help after we implement the training in our classrooms.Competency 007The principal knows how to apply organizational, decision-making, and problem solving skills to ensure an effective learning environment.Spending close to eighteen hou rs working on this competency it clear to see that this competency is an important one in kind to the effectiveness of a campus. One major thing I learned from my principal was that you need to be organized enough to make sure you put together a quality interview to ensure that you put together a quality staff. I was fortunate enough to be able to sit in the interview process of one of our future teachers. The before part of the process was the preparation in getting take a leak for the interview, my principal using the Gallup interview process so she must be organized and ready.During the interview quality questions prove to be the most effective in choosing future staff members. Following the interview there is a debriefing with the hiring committee to ensure that the newest staff member would be a good fit for our campus and our students. We then moved onto working with the staff and interviewing them on what needs to be improved on campus. The next step in this process for my principal and I was to look towards the staff and see how well they internalized or resisted change in our continuous improvements implemented at the campus. We had to look at what changes were the best for the students as a whole and the needs of our at risk students.

Dc Power Supply Design

Abstract The main aim of this assignment is to number a pre amplifier electrical spell with an NPN articulatio transistor to be use in a aboveboard public address (PA) system. The pre amplifier is federal official from a mike that produces an average production electromotive force of 10 mV rms. The amplifier is to operate everyplace a frequence range of three hundred Hz to 5 kHz and should receive an adaptable volume control. The expected chance on of the amplifier is coulomb. kickoff we argon going to design an amplifier for disposed(p) specifications, model the operation of the circuit using h-parameter and r-parameter model, use computer assist design software to analyze the circuit performance and demonstrate the act uponing of the circuit by hardware exe mownion of instrument. Then, we entrust plot the frequency reply of the circuit and analyze the gear up of the emitter ringway capacitor. Finally we testament par the mid- great deal require, ban dwidth and lower cut false frequency obtained from the simulation result and the hardware implementation with the designed pile. Chapter 1Introduction Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a three last(a) de debility with three regions (Emitter, Base and Collector) and two PN roasts (Emitter-Base junction and Base-Collector junction). Since there are two junctions that means there are four possible shipway of biasing a transistor. If both junctions are forward biased then the transistor will operate in the saturation region. If both junctions are repeal biased then the transistor will operate in the cut of region. These two conditions of operation are used when the transistor is needed to work as a switch.To use a transistor as an amplifier, the emitter seat junction should be forward biased and the collector prove junction should be reverse biased. Amplifier is an electronic circuit that can amplify sign ons employ to its input terminal. If an AC predict is given to a tr ansistor amplifier it will produce an AC base catamenia. This AC base current will produce a much bigger AC collector current since IC=? IB. The AC collector current produces an AC emf across the load immunity RL, thus producing an amplified, but inverted, reproduction of the AC input potential drop in the active region of operations.DC load contention is a sloping straight line connecting all the operating requests of a transistor biasing wedgen on the fruit characteristics of the transistor and the intersection point gives the Quiescent point (Q-point). A prober Q-point should be in the middle of the DC load line. Selecting a good Q-point prevents the transistor from going into the cutoff or the saturation region and gives more stability. A fixed bias (i. e. base bias) circuit or a electric potential divider bias circuit can be used for this assignment but a emf divider circuit is more efficient.The main disadvantage in a fixed bias circuit is that ? ac depends on temper ature, which means ? ac is not stable. And when ? ac changes, IC will change(IC=? IB) and VCE will change. The changes in IC and VCE make the Q-point volatile. Whereas in voltage divider bias circuit, IC is self-goerning of ? ac and hence the Q-point is more stable. voltage divider bias is widely used because reasonably good stability reached with a single part supply. Chapter 2 Problem Description The problem is to design and fabricate a pre amplifier circuit with an NPN transistor to be used in a honest public address (PA) system.The input of the pre amplifier circuit is taken from a microphone that produces an average output voltage of 10 mV rms. The amplifier is to operate over a frequency range of 300 Hz to 5 kHz. Also, it should have an adjustable volume control. The expected voltage gain of the amplifier is 100. programme Specifications Voltage gain = 100 Lower cut off frequency = 300Hz Vin = 10mV (rms) RL = 10k? DC power supply = 10V to 15V Type of transistor NPN W e will begin our assignment by selecting a suitable transistor. Then we will decide on a DC voltage supply and assume a prober Q-point (IC, VCE) to backpack out the design.We will start the design by calculating the value of Resistors RC and RE and the voltage divider resistors R1 and R2. After that we will calculate the determine of the two yoke capacitors (C1 and C2) and the emitter bypass capacitor (CE) for the required cut off frequency. After finishing the mathematical model we will simulate the circuit using OrCAD to analyze the circuit performance. Then, after finishing the simulation, we will tack on the circuit using approximate determine of the calculated ones. Finally, we will equality the simulation results with the hardware results.The results we will be focusing on are the voltage gain, the cutoff frequency and the Bandwidth. Chapter 3 circumference Diagram and Design Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Av = 100 FL = 300Hz enter 1 circumference Diagram Step1 Selection of T ransistor, Supply Voltage (VCC) and Collector Current (IC) The selected transistor should have a minimum current gain (? ) that is equal to or greater than the in demand(p) voltage gain. Therefore, we will use Q2N2222 in this assignment. Since the output voltage swing is not specified in this assignment, we will take on 12V as our voltage supply. We will choose IC as 4 mA. Transistor Q2N2222Supply Voltage VCC = 12 V Collector Current IC = 4 mA * To carry out the design we need to draw the dc equivalent circuit. Figure 2 DC Equivalent Circuit Step2 Design of Collector Resistor (RC) and Emitter Resistor (RE) VCE = 50% VCC = 50% ? 12 = 6 V VE = 10% VCC = 10% ? 12 = 1. 2 V VRC = VCC VE VCE = 12 6 1. 2 = 4. 8 V RC = VRCIC = 4. 8 V4 mA = 1. 2 k? RE = VEIE = VEIC = 1. 2 V4 mA = 300 ? , since IC ? IE Step3 Design of Voltage Divider R1 and R2 ? = 100 (data sheet) R2 = ? RE10= 100? 30010 = 3 k? VB = VBE + VE = 0. 7 + 1. 2 = 1. 9 V VB = VCCR2R1+R2 R1 = VCCR2VB+R2 = 100? 3k1. +3k = 16 k ? * Now we need to draw the ac equivalent circuit. Figure 3 AC Equivalent Circuit Step4 Design of RE1 and RE2 RE = RE1 + RE2 kick out = Rc RL = 1. 2? 101. 2+10= 1 k? re = 26mIE = 26mIC = 6. 5 ? AV = Routre+RE1 re+RE1= RoutAv = 1k100 = 10 ? RE1 =10 re = 10 6. 5 = 3. 5 ? RE2 = RE RE1 = 300 3. 5 = 296. 5 ? Step5 Design of Coupling Capacitors C1 and C2 hie = Rin (base) = ? (re+RE1) = 100 ? (3. 5 + 6. 5) = 1 k? Rin (tot) = R1 R2 Rin (base) = 1116+13+11 = 716. 4 ? XC1 = Rin(tot)10 = 716. 410 = 71. 64 ? C1 = 12? fLXC1 = 12 300? 71. 64 = 7. 4 F XC2 = RC + RL = 1. 2 + 10 = 11. k? C2 = 12? fLXC2 = 12 300? 11200 = 47. 4 nF Step6 Design of circulate Capacitor CE RS = R1 R2 = 16. 09? 316. 09+3 = 2. 5 k? Re = RE2 RS ? + (re+RE1) = 296. 5 2500 100+ (6. 5+3. 5) = 296. 5? 35296. 5+35 = 31. 3 ? XCE = Re10 = 31. 310 = 3. 13 ? CE = 12? fLXCE = 12 300? 3. 13 = 169. 5 F Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Figure 4 Circuit Diagram with set dissembling Results With CE Mid-band gain, AV = 99. 8 Lower crosscut oftenness, FL = 334 Hz high up shortcut Frequency, FH = 20. 6 megahertz Bandwidth, BW = FH FL = 20. 6 M 334 = 20. 6 megacycle per second Without CE Mid-band gain, AV = 3. 5Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 305 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 46 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH FL = 46 M 305 = 46 MHz (Circuit Diagram and Frequency Response are enclosed along with this report) Chapter 4 Hardware Fabrication and Testing Details During circuit assembling handle we tried to find the nearest values to the calculated ones. These are the values we used RC = 1. 2 k? we selected1. 2 k? RE1 = 3. 5 ? we selected4. 5 ? RE2 = 296. 5 ? we selected270 ? R1 = 16 k? we selected15 k? R2 = 3 k? we selected2. 2 k? C1 = 7. 4 F we selected10 F C2 = 47. 4 nF we selected47 nF CE = 169. 5 F we selected147 F Procedure . Assembled the circuit on a bread board and connected a DC power supply of 12V. 2. Applied a sine wave of 10 mV amplitude and 100 Hz frequency to the input. 3. Observed th e output waveform in the CRO and say devour the amplitude. 4. Increased the input signal frequency in steps, without ever-changing its amplitude, and noted down the output amplitude at each step. 5. mensurable the voltage gain of the amplifier by the equation, AV = Vout/Vin found the voltage gain in dB by the equation, AV (dB) = 10 log (AV). 6. plot the frequency response curve and found the frequencies (fL and fH) for which the gain reaches 0. 07 of mid band gain. 7. Found the frequency range between fL and fH which gives the bandwidth of the amplifier. Hardware Results With CE Frequency (Hz) Vout (mV) AV AV (dB) log f 100 182 18. 2 25. 20 2. 0 500 662 66. 2 36. 42 2. 7 1 k 750 75. 0 37. 50 3. 0 5 k 784 78. 4 37. 89 3. 7 10 k 786 78. 6 37. 91 4. 0 50 k 786 78. 6 37. 91 4. 7 100 k 786 78. 6 37. 91 5. 0 500 k 786 78. 6 37. 91 5. 7 1 M 786 78. 6 37. 91 6. 0 2 M 784 78. 4 37. 89 6. 3 5 M 770 77. 0 37. 73 6. 7 10 M 728 72. 8 37. 24 7. 0 50 M 344 34. 4 30. 73 7. 7 100 M 182 18. 2 25. 0 8. 0 Mid-band gain, AV = 78. 6 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 2. 6 B = 398 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 7. 35 B = 17. 78 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH FL = 17. 78 M 398 = 17. 78 MHz Without CE Frequency (Hz) Vout (mV) AV AV (dB) log f 100 12 1. 2 1. 58 2. 0 500 32 3. 2 10. 10 2. 7 1 k 36 3. 6 11. 13 3. 0 5 k 38 3. 8 11. 60 3. 7 10 k 38 3. 8 11. 60 4. 0 50 k 38 3. 8 11. 60 4. 7 100 k 38 3. 8 11. 60 5. 0 500 k 38 3. 8 11. 60 5. 7 1 M 38 3. 8 11. 60 6. 0 2 M 38 3. 8 11. 60 6. 3 5 M 38 3. 8 11. 60 6. 7 10 M 36 3. 6 11. 13 7. 0 50 M 26 2. 6 8. 0 7. 7 100 M 18 1. 8 5. 10 8. 0 Mid-band gain, AV = 78. 6 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 2. 55 B = 356 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 7. 6 B = 39. 81 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH FL = 39. 81 M 356 = 39. 81 MHz (Frequency responses of the circuit with and without CE are enclosed along with this report) (Frequency responses of the circuit with and without CE are enclosed along with this report) Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion * First of all, there are several ways and various methods to design a common emitter amplifier or so-called RC coupled amplifier that are completely unalike than the one we used.We did not choose this method because it is the best method, actually, there is no such a thing called the best method. There are simple ways and there are more accurate ways. It depends on the uncomplicated assumptions, the design specifications and the thumb rules used. Simply, the method we used achieved the design requirements and accomplished desired results. * An Amplifier is a circuit that is capable of amplifying signals applied to its input terminal. The main office in any amplifier circuit is usually a transistor.Since the transistor condition we used is a common emitter configuration, the circuit is called a Common Emitter Amplifier. unconnected other configurations, CE amplifier exhitouch high voltage gain and high current gain. Generally, the military operation of a common emitter amplifier can be explained in thr ee steps. First, the AC input signal produces an AC base current. Then, This AC base current will produce a much larger AC collector current since IC=? IB. After that, The AC collector current produces an AC voltage across the load resistor RL, thus producing an amplified, but inverted, reproduction of the AC input voltage. To use a transistor as an amplifier it should be operated in the active region (linear region). To set a transistor in the active region both junctions, Emitter-Base junction and Base-Collector junction, should be forward biased. Since changes in in temperature and other factors during the amplification process may drive the transistor into the cutoff or the saturation region, the Q-point should be in the middle of the active region to enhance the stability of the amplifier. * We prefer using a voltage divider bias circuit over other biasing circuits because in this kind of biasing circuits, IC is independent of ? nd thereof the Q-point is more stable. Voltage divider bias circuit is widely used because of the good stability reached with a single power supply. * C1 and C2 are called coupling capacitors. They pass ac from one side to another and block dc from appearing at the output side. In addition to that, C1 act as a high pass filter on the input signal and its value must be chosen so that it does not attenuate the frequencies which are to be amplified. Similarly, C2 also must be prevented from attenuating the output signal. * The bypass capacitor CE provides an effective short to the ac signal metre the emitter resistor RE2, thus keeping only RE1 seen by the ac signal between the emitter and commonwealth. Therefore, with the bypass capacitor, the gain of the amplifier is maximum and equal to AV=Routre+RE1 . Without the bypass capacitor, both RE1 and RE2 are seen by the ac signal between the emitter and ground and effectively add to re in the voltage gain formula. Hence, AV=Routre+RE1+RE2 . * re is a dynamic resistor that depends on temperature. If AV was dependent only on re, and RE1 was not there (i. e. AV=Routre ), AV will be unstable over changes in temperature because when re increases, the gain decreases and vice versa.In order to minimize the effect of re without reducing the voltage gain to its minimum value we partially bypassed the nub emitter resistance RE. This is known as swamping which is a compromise between having a bypass capacitor across RE and not having a bypass capacitor at all. RE1 should be at least ten times greater than re to minimize the effect of it. In our design RE1 is slight than re and hence it will not do anything other than slightly reducing the gain to be about 100. In other words, in our design RE1 is someways useless. * At lower frequencies, a capacitor will act as an open circuit.At higher(prenominal) frequencies, a capacitor will act as a short circuit. That is because the capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to the frequency (XC=1/2? fC). In an RC coupled amp lifier circuits, at lower frequencies, more voltage drops across C1 and C2 because their reactance is very high. This higher signal voltage drop reduces the voltage gain of the amplifier. Similarly, at lower frequencies, the reactance of the bypass capacitor (CE) increases and this reactance in pair with RE1 create an impedance that reduces the voltage gain.This is why RC coupled amplifier circuits have less voltage gain at lower frequencies than they have at higher frequencies. However, at higher frequencies, the reactance of the internal transistor junction capacitance goes down and when it becomes small enough, a portion of the output signal voltage is fed back out of phase with the input, thus effectively reducing the voltage gain. * Our hardware implementation results and simulation results were different. Obviously, that is because we did not find the exact values for our design. There was a notable difference between the design values and the values we have selected, especia lly for R2.The cutoff frequency (fL=398 Hz) is somehow agreeable but the mid band gain (AV=78. 6) is a little bit less than the desired one. Increasing the value of R2 could have solved the problem. It could have increased the voltage gain and reduced the cutoff frequency. * One of the aims of the design is to have an adjustable volume control. There are several ways to do this. One of them, and I think its the best, is by using a variable resistor in place of RE1 (i. e. a 100 ? variable resistor). Basically, this resistor is inversely proportional to the voltage gain (AV=Routre+RE1 ).Reducing the value of RE1 will increase the voltage gain, thereby increasing the volume and vice versa. References 1. Theodore F. Bogart, Jefferey S. Beasley and Guilermo Rico (2004). Electronic Devices and Circuits. India Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Thomas L. Floyd (2005). Electronic Devices. 7th ed. India Pearson Education, Inc. 3. HyperPhysics(2004)Common Emitter Amplifier,online purchasable at htt p//hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/electronic/npnce. html Accessed 20th Nov 2011. 4. Scribd(2006)Common Emitter Amplifier,online Available at http//www. cribd. com/doc/27767944/Common-Emitter-Amplifier Accessed 25th Nov 2011. 5. Visionics(2005)RC Coupled Amplifier,online Available at http//www. visionics. ee/ computer programme/Experiments/RC%20Ampr/RC%20Coupled%20Amplifier1. html Accessed 1st Nov 2011. 6. SSIT(2006)Analog Electronic Circuits,online Available at http//www. ssit. edu. in/dept/assignment/aeclabmanual. pdf Accessed 5th Nov 2011. 7. Edutalks(2007)RC Coupled Amplifier,online Available at http//www. edutalks. org/electronics%20lab%20manual%201. pdf Accessed 7th Nov 2011.

Ghalib and Metaphor

The sheer lyrical military unit of metaphor can be found throughout Ghalibs poetry. Ghalib utilizes this numeral of speech, I believe, to help us connect to and really experience what he is trying to tell us about life, neck, and hard-foughtship. It shoot the breezems that, through metaphor, he implores us to delve deeper into his writings and enter into the suffering, heartache, alienation, and ambition that marked his entire life. apply ghazals from the Joy of the Drop website, I will examine and talk over the verses that I thought to be the most profound and inspiring. I admit taken to grave the deep scar of happiness hile she stands above in her hundred colors Happiness, in this line, has left Ghalib critically wounded. Whether in his pursuance of an elevated life or a societys ideal life, whatever happiness is to him, he has not unless failed to achieve it, nevertheless it has succeeded in ruining him. The near seems to stand, unscathed and lofty, above the defeated Ghalib, keep mum adorned with the pristine and elaborate clothing that Ghalib has ascribed to her. We know from historical accounts of Ghalibs life that he searched, unsuccess in full, for influence, status, and financial stability, n unrivalled of which he would be adapted to grasp in his lifetime.This may be the ever- unreachable happiness he is referring to here(predicate). The beloved seems to deplete not only found this happiness provided fully abides in this state of being. As a boy I almost threw stones at that crazed lover trapped always in desire but at last I remembered Leaving I bear the scars of an unfulfilled longing to exist like an extinguished examine I know no place of friendship Pursuit has unraveled the set up of beautys veil leaving nothing but threads for those who can see These lines, rich with metaphor, point to a beaten and existentially muzzled Ghalib.Married at thirteen and without a proper education or monetary income Ghalibs inner scramble with t his life, that had seemingly been thrust upon him, can be seen in the above verses(Ahmad). heart subdued, Ghalib seems to flee from his boyish desires, but he is not able to fully recover from the unfulfilled dreams and aspirations that were the sum of his longings. An extinguished candle is used here as simile concerning friendship and community. An extinguished candle does not sop up purpose and is discarded or overlooked when it no longer gives, or is able to give, light.After fleeing desire and experiencing loss of purpose and take to being, Ghalib uses metaphor to reveal something philosophically profound. Pursuit unraveling the veil of beauty to uncover nothing can be seen as a moment where Ghalib wonders if his desire and longing to exist mean anything at all. What if, in the chasing of a pre-conceived notion of a beautiful life, we rise that the beauty in that particular life doesnt exists. How devastating perhaps this verses metaphor of beautys veil shows us that unles s we can define to free ourselves from that desire-driven pursuit, we will be forever anguish in life.This can be found in Buddhist teachings and although, buddhism wasnt as large in India at the time, it still might have had subtle influences on a well versed and knowledgeable Ghalib. Ghalib about hints at religiously-influenced, philosophical concepts, at times while communicating it victimisation metaphor as can be seen in these verses Who has seen the single administration of the beloved if one of us glanced her shadow she unravels One could surmise from Ghalibs verses, like this one, that his life was one of spiritual seeking and questioning. The unraveling of the shadow of the beloved points towards the idea that we cannot pigeonhole God.Seemingly, God, according to Ghalib, is elusive and beyond what we know of Her. As soon as we have developed a theological expression about who God is She vanishes and we are left with only a glimpse of the smallest speck of understand. His deep devotion to religious mystery and unknowing was juxtapose with his brilliant subversiveness concerning fundamental views of God in Islamic influenced, nineteenth century, India. At every step I am closer only to knowing the distance as fast as I fiddle the retire from runs on This metaphor of a running desert leads one to believe that Ghalib realized that very few things are graspable in this life.It seems the more you learn the more you realized you dont know. The desert is in a sense, dead, and the barren wasteland can be hard to travel. This sheds light on the early maturity of Ghalib. It sounds like the wisdom of an overaged man but he was in all likelihood very young when he wrote this. In all his searching and coming up unfulfilled, Ghalib probably dark to abusing drink at an early age. Some of his most comical and tearful lines involve wine. You should always be drunk that too is wisdom the egotism holds a cabinet for every liquor, Viewing the self as a cabin et for every liquor is a clever way of dictum that you are a lush.And in this particular verse, Ghalib, doesnt just list wine. He is willing to fill his cupboards with all types of liquor possibly to dampen his sorrows. Wine or drink also loosened or freed Ghalib to be himself. Wine, melting a bottle that he is hiding in, can be a reference to the release of the strangle-hold of inhibitions that comes when one drinks. No telling how galore(postnominal) ghazals were written under the influence. This verse also seems to hint at the dangerously intoxicating power of love. Both have the ability to destroy. If love burn down more than the heart avoid love ven wine melts the bottle I hide in Ghalib was a genius, a lover, a seeker, a drinker, and probably had a better grasp on what the effects of longing-love, as apposed to frantic romance, had on a person(Ahmad). No longer ask about those seekers of love time has illuminated their bodies of grief We see this grief reflected in his g hazals and we learn about his personal experiences through his biographies. The power he evokes in his verses by using metaphor is what inspires me to keep reading and studying this great poet. Ahmad, Aijaz, ed. Ghazals of Ghalib. capital of South Carolina University Press, 1971.

The Story of Herbert Ernest Bates “The Beauty of the Dead”.

Interpretation by Arkadiy Kurakin The composition of Herbert Ernest Bates The Beauty of the un seted. The spirit level is a unit of literary fiction. The author designs different expressive promoter and stylistic doohickeys to show the lector the idea of the tosh, such as epithets, metaphor, similar, oxymoron, irony, hyperbola, understatement, and so on The protagonist of this story is Mr. Grimshaw. This is a complex part, reticent, gloomy. His surname is rather significant.The procedural grim means harsh, merciless, severe ghastly, joyless, sinister (has a grim accuracy in it) grim, unattractive. expresses here the imagination to be made by him on a reader. We can see his mercilessness from the sideline phrase he turned with satisfaction to look at his wife, who lay dying on the bed. From his interaction with the minor character it occurs that though his relative consider him to be a nonher, he is so a man that his name gives our an consequence.The most key action o f the protagonist is his inner thoughts, his choice in using choppy circumstances, his impulse to go by means of entirely the events happened. The minor characters is his wife. We do non subverture and the author do non let us know her name and it is significant beca implement her name is of no measure as her character is weak-willed, dull and infirm. What why he doesnt c atomic lean 18 ab issue her inner charitables and doesnt interpret her as a person. stylistic AnalysisThe story The Beauty of the Dead by Herbert Ernest Bates is casual in its subject-matter, describing a particular place at a particular time. In analysing this story we must point come on its three main ingests 1) the solution of striking concreteness and simplicity 2) the judgment of a melancholy meditating smell 3) the subtraction suggested by the author as the ultimate stylistic heart. These three uniqueities are linked and interwoven to produce a joint impression, the EMs and SDs of the stor y are aimed at achieving the desired effect.SDs employ in describing the picture are aimed at arousing a concrete image epithets yellowish, grassy, nonliteral periphrasis wanted wear and no beat had trodden black suggesting paths which are seldom apply. A careful and inclusive depth psychology must consider linguistic items at divers(a) levels, as all stylistically significant discovers form a complex. The impression of colloquial pitch contour of reminiscence is mainly created in the story through enjambment. The paexercising in the middle of the line (see the third lines in the first and the survive stanzas) makes the feeling of the lines natural and meditating.The combination of the SDs of enjambment and anadiplosis (the repeat of the pronoun I at the end of the line and at the graduation of the next line) in the last stanza produces the impression of a kind of afterthought uttered quite of course after a pause Lexical EMs and SDs emphasise the melancholy intone of the story. This SD is that of antonomasia. The proper name is substituted by a common noun which stands in indisputable dealings to the name. Beatrice in her reply to Benedick treats the word disdain as a living being ascribing to it human qualities.Hence here we have the SD of personification. Stylistic Analysis This story is one of Heming elans masterpieces. It gives a deep insight into human nature and a true picture of contemporary social and family relations in bourgeois gild. The writer leaves the pop comparatively bare the convey is give tongue to up and simple. The impression of simplicity which strikes the reader from the first is brought out not scarce by the plain dialogues, the common prosaic events at the beginning of the story yet by the language itself.A close study of the story for the intents of examining its style involves a careful observation and a detailed comment of the language phenomena at various levels. The text of the story is not self-colored the authors narration is disrupt by the dialogues of the characters inner thoughts of come characters (mostly Wilsons) are unnoticeably interwoven with the narration. A rigorous analysis of the vocabulary of the story distinctly shows that the author employs common wrangle in his narration and a curtail number of colloquial words in the dialogue and represented nomenclature.Here are few examples of colloquial words . In m each instances the reader sees that the number of equivalent words is deliberately restricted. point out the use of verbs of communication (to say and its synonyms) times to insure 3 to ask 2 to mouth, to agree once each. No other verb of communication is utilize. Besides, the author does not usually add any adverbial modifier to show the manner in which the character speaks. match the first page where the author plainly states . The impression of impassive matter-of-fact narration is brought out also by a very exceptional use of words denoting fee lings.On the first pages we can find unless the following words model, in triumph, smiled, liked, Authors scrupulous attention to minute details adds to the matter-of-fact and logical tone of the story. Underneath this simple exterior of restraint there lies a flush treasure of suggestions and importations. The very complex body part of the story adds to the effect of implication notwithstanding the actual marrow of what is going on is not clear at the beginning of the story, as the feelings suggested by the writer are not just determined.The reader however feels that nighthing has happened and that the characters are strained and full of hidden stop and suppressed emotions. The effect of implication ( ) and suspense () is brought almost in various modes, firstly by the direct means of stating that something has happened but not uncover what. Observe the repetition of the word happen. Note the word pretending which characterises from the start the atmosphere of suppresse d emotion.Note the various cases of logical periphrasis apply by the characters to say in a round-about way what happened that morning. The reader is kept in constant suspense the whole thing about it that king of beasts business something like today. Observe also the perennial use of the verb to forget stressing the intention of the speaker not to think of some unpleasant fact the verb to forget is apply four times and its contextual synonym to drop twice. The advises and suggestive remarks uttered by the characters in their seemingly plain unpretentious dialogues are very effective in their implication.The effect of implication and suspense is brought about indirectly too The macro-context that comes after these words affects them and determines their meaning. The unusual use of the verbs to look and to smile may also be regarded as an indirect means of creating the effect of implication. However additional contextual meaning and emotive colouring is received mainly from t he macrocontext. This manner of describing the characters reaction and emotions by presenting simple external actions may be considered a specific SDmetonymical description which is realised only in the macrocontext.The SD of metonymical description makes the reader supply what is missing and creates the effect of implication. This is one of the ways in which Hemingway employs his berg principle I leave out what I know but knowledge is what makes the underwater part of the iceberg, writes Hemingway. In a similar way the writer uses the verb to smile the implication conveyed by this verb is also brought out in the macrocontext. The role of the macrocontext in Hemingways story is of utmost importance. Note instances where the verb to smile is used So authors story devoid at the beginning of any seeming unrestrained colouring, of any apparent expression of the characters feelings is impassive and matter-of-fact only on the surface whereas beneath the surface can be found intense emot ions, meditations, sufferings. Note that the feelings and frantic reactions of Mrs. Macomber and Wilson are mostly conveyed by this means. Note the role of repetition in heightening the impression of growing misgiving the word revere is used here twice, and the word afraid is repeated three times.One more than note about authors usage of words and how it is associate to the description of his characters. The impartial tone and the absence of emotive words in describing Mrs. Macomber may be accounted for by dickens reasons the writers principle to leave the surface comparatively bare of any emotion, and the desire to emphasise the womans nature by choosing germane(predicate) words and expressions (note the writers way to explain her purpose for desiring to marry once more to better herself). try out the use of the procedurals red and blue in the story.Similarly, the adjective blue is affected by the surrounding words (it is constantly used in such combinations as cold blue e ye, his flat, blue, machinegunners eyes) and had acquired an additional contextual meaning making it an epithet in the macrocontext. It is the macrocontext that determines the meanings of some words and suggests their implication in authors story, and therefore should not be underestimated. The grammatical peculiarities of the story serve the sanctioned stylistic purpose that of giving the impression of simplicity and mpartiality on the one hand, and creating implication and emotional tension, on the other. Long sentences which are so characteristic of the authors narration in the story do not produce a sense of complexity. On the contrary, the long sentences give the illusion of simplicity. The impression of simplicity is generally hold by a peculiar sentence expression. The most striking feature which is easily observed is the repetition of one and the resembling alliance indoors the sentence. pick out this sentence Similar complex body parts can be seen on the analog ous page The use of one and the same conjunctive and one and the ame fibre of subordinate clause within the sentence (a complex sentence with serial subordination) creates a monotonous analogous description where the author seems concerned only with presenting a bare enumeration of details. It is interesting to point out that folklore contains trim structures of this sheath with successive subordination as in the well-known glasshouse rhyme This is the house that Jack built . The accomplished syntactical prototype which is repeated within the sentence is a stylistically significant feature in the story leading to a seeming lack of diversity and maintaining the effect of simplicity.Note that this holds true not only of the sentence-structure but to a big extent of the carve up-structure. The established pattern (or patterns) is repeated with a slight division throughout the split up giving the impression of analogy and logic in structure. Read the dissever on p. XX beginning The predominant sentence-type in the above paragraph is the complex sentence with a subordinate clause of time. The society when is repeated five times, the conjunctions while and before are used once each. The paragraph being a unity of ideas presents in the story a striking unity of syntactic structure.There is no conspicuous musical theme sentence, the paragraph gives a series of details or actions which go on and on, as if the writer assumes that his readers want only to learn as readily and easily as possible what happens. The unity of the paragraph manifests itself in the established syntactical pattern used throughout the whole of the paragraph and in the one and the same conjunction. Repetition assumes in the story various morphologic forms. Catch-word repetition (anadiplosis) is frequently used giving the impression of plain, logical structure Margot looked at them both and they both saw that she was going to cry. But more than shame he felt cold, hollow fea r in him. The fear was still there . Note that anadiplosis produces the effect of a chain-pattern structure similar to that produced by successive subordination often used in the story. Anadiplosis is sometimes employed to connect successive paragraphs. The dominant conjunction which is employed frequently and variously in the story is and. The repetition of the conjunction and usually maintains parallelism and rhythm The effect of a rhythmical battle array is heightened in this example by alliteration at the end of the paragraph.Suspense which is the basic compositional feature of the story manifests itself in the structure of most paragraphs. Read the paragraph by which the first part of the story culminates Note that the paragraph tends toward balance wheeld structure for the sake of contrast Macomber did not know , Wilson knew . The repeated use of the words knew, did not know adds to the effect of contrast and gives the impression of a certain established pattern of the par agraph.Observe that parallel constructions are interrupted by inserting modifiers (three instances of subordinate clause of time introduced by before, when, when) and some other relevant detail. Syntactical parallelism supported and intensified by lexical repetition (four instances of know nor nor when, when how, how ) lends an unmistakable rhythm to the passage. Note that the continuance of sentences and clauses is shortened and the number of inserted details is lessened by the end of the paragraph and so causing a change in rhythm from a slow, even rhythm to a rapid, excited rhythm.This change of rhythm heightens the emotional tension and reinforces the implication suggested by the last unexpected sentence of the paragraph He did not know how his wife felt except that she was through with him. The repeated words do not assume any distinct compositional pattern, such a simple scattered repetition contributes to the impression of a colloquial simplicity of narration The prin ciple of repetition which reveals itself in the use of the established syntactic pattern and the repetition of one and the same conjunction often leads to the SD of cumulation The clash between the yntactical analogy and semantic outstrip in the SD of cumulation brings about the effect of implication and hints at the real relations of the characters. All these similar features contribute to the impression of parallelism in the structure of the paragraph. Cumulation is striking as the clash between the grammatical identity and semantic difference is sudden and strong. Cumulation gives rise to implication and presents the first obvious hint at what happened before the story began. The main dramatic force is achieved by syntax by the writers masterly utilisation of the resources concealed in the syntactic structure of the language.Stylistic tendencies and peculiarities of the story manifest themselves in the passage most intensely and palpably. The passage tends to rhythmical struct ure parallel constructions, various types of repetition, a peculiar scheme of sense-group division all contribute to this impression. All these features lend balance to the passage. A change in rhythm from slow to rapid reinforces the effect of suspense and climax. Suspense is created by a number of interrupting but relevant details postponing the completion of the thought.The length of the interrupting phrases and coordinate clauses is shortened by the end of the passage (note once again that the last three clauses contain two sense-groups while the first four three or six) and causing a change in rhythm adds to emotional tension. The sentences are not so long, not so fragmentary, the relevant details are not so numerous. Note that some details are repeated (like intend like hitting a slate roof). The rhythm of the paragraph is even and quiet giving the impression of an impassionate description.The paragraph may be regarded as a kind of comment on what happened. Note the use of the Past Perfect which plainly refers the actions to those which have been mentioned. The idea of suspense and the effect of implication is masterfully revealed at the end of the story the writer does not say plainly whether it was an accident or murder. The writer presents only a sequence of outward actions and the reader is left to imagine more than the words themselves convey. Assignments for Stylistic Analysis 1. Speak on the subject-matter and the idea of the story. . Analyse the structure of the poem (its stanzas, rhythm, rhymes), note instances of enjambment and speak on its stylistic function. 3. What characters of the fable are described in the passage and what does the reader learn about them? 4. Who are the major and minor character/s? Describe them shortly. 5. What impression do you get from the protagonist? Discuss his/her character and his/her views as they are revealed through his/her speech. Describe the protagonists state of hopelessness and frustration. rumormo nger on the protagonists words . 6.Analyse the direct speech and speak on its peculiarities. 7. Discuss the meaning of the saying and comment on its stylistic peculiarity. Say why he/she uses it. Speak on the way he/she interprets the above mentioned saying. What SD is used by him? 8. Find cases of periphrasis in her speech and speak of their function. 9. Discuss she attitude towards the situation, comment on lexical and phonetic EMs and SDs used in her speech and speak of the effect achieved through the use of these devices. 10. Pick out various types of metaphors and comment on their stylistic effect. 1. input signal on the meaning and stylistic peculiarities of some lines. 12. Dwell on the implication suggested by the author. 13. Pick out epithets, state their types and structure and speak on their stylistic function. 14. Comment on the exclamatory sentence 15. How do you account for the sudden transmission from literary vocabulary mostly used by the author (under the auspices, etcetera ) to the colloquial words (a confounded quarrelsome highbred jade)? What stylistic effect is achieved by this device? 16. Comment on the stylistic effect of the rhetorical question 17.Speak on the authors attitude towards the society he describes. Pay attention to the EMs and SDs employed by the author (note the vocabulary of the passage, metaphors, metonymies, allusions, rhetorical questions and their stylistic function). 18. Speak on the conniption and the characters introduced in the excerpt and SDs used to describe them. 19. Find various forms of repetition in the authors narration the repetition of a sound (alliteration) of a conjunction (polysyndeton) of a notional word of a syntactical pattern (parallelism) and speak on the role of repetition in the structure of a paragraph. 0. Analyse the SD of repetition from the point of view of its compositional design (anaphora, anadiplosis etc. ) note what kind of repetition prevails in the excerpt speak on the stylistic fun ctions of repetition. 21. Take the Xth paragraph for rigorous analysis in doing so dwell on the following points 1) the main thought of the paragraph and the way it is developed 2) the SD of polysyndeton 3) the metaphor, the way it is prolonged and the stylistic effect achieved 4) represented speech, its type and stylistic function 5) antithesis as the culmination point of the paragraph. 2. Comment on the different ways author manipulates with the remarks of the characters. 23. Summing up the analysis of the chapter pick out all passages where the authors ironic or sarcastic attitude towards high society and its corrupt morality is acutely felt and analyse the main SDs used to achieve this effect. 24. Summing up the analysis of the chapter/extract/passage/story, speak on the allegoric character of the story and on various SDs used to make the particular effect..